The Travels of Aeneas, Fall of Troy to the Founding of Lavinium

The travels of Aeneas, from the fall of Troy to the founding of Lavinium The travels of Aeneas, from the fall of Troy to the founding of Lavinium are very important myths by which the Romans modeled themselves, and from which they were able to derive a sense of past and ‘who they were'. Archeological evidence shows that Aeneas and his story were well known throughout ancient Rome as coins and urns were found depicting Aeneas' myth. Some of these coins were found prior to the lives of Livy and Virgil proving that the myth had been told prior to the writing of both Livy and Virgil.The storybook version told by Virgil describes the escape and travels of Aeneas as blessed by the gods, where Aeneas puts his father on his shoulders, grabs his son by the hand and under the protection of the goddess Venus, escapes the city as it is being ransacked by the Greeks. As Virgil writes the storybook version, Livy's recount is much more historical, as Livy gives meaning to situations, such as Aeneas having friendship ties with the Greeks, who allowed him to leave the city unharmed.It is likely that much of the narrative is based on non-historical details which mean to portray a strong, just and blessed man as the founding father of Rome, however this essay will focus on How Livy's portrayal of Aeneas and his journey after the Fall of Troy to the founding of Lavinium correlates or differs from other sources and authors or archeological evidence of its time. In the beginning of Livy's â€Å"Rise of Rome – Book 1†³, Livy portrays Aeneas and his journey after the Fall of Troy as a lucky escape from the ransacked city. There is general agreement, first of all, that when Troy fell the Greeks punished the other Trojans mercilessly but refrained from exercising any right of conquest in the case of two men, Aeneas and Antenor, who were connected to them by long-standing ties of friendship and have always advocated the return of Helen† (Livy). Whereas the myth s tates that Aeneas escapes Troy with his mother's (Venus') protection. â€Å"And here, amazed, I found that a great number of new companions had streamed in, women and men, a crowd gathering for exile, a wretched throng.They had come from all sides, ready, with courage and wealth, for whatever land I wished to lead them to, across the seas. And now Lucifer was rising above the heights of Ida, bringing the dawn, and the Greeks held the barricaded entrances to the gates, nor was there any hope of rescue. I desisted, and, carrying my father, took to the hills† (Virgil, Book II: 796-804). Here we see the difference between both author's accounts of the tale.Both Virgil and Livy show Aeneas to be a powerful man, however Virgil makes him seem much more independent, perhaps even divine as he shapes his future by his own hand, guided by the gods. Livy, on the other hand gives us a much more realistic and believable account, indicating that Aeneas must have been indeed a powerful man, having long friendship ties with the Greeks, which is why they gave him safe passage out of the city. It is interesting to note that Livy shows that basically the Greeks allowed Aeneas to live, and therefore allowed the ancestor of Rome to establish himself.This realism may have been un-tasteful to the Romans, seeing as they conquered the Greeks, although they acknowledged their culture. Overall, it is likely that much of the narrative is based on non-historical details which mean to portray a strong, just and blessed man as the founding father of Rome, however Livy's recount brings him back to the mortal level. Following the leave of Troy, Aeneas journeys many places before he reaches Italy and the lands of king Latinus. In Virgil's Aeneid, Aeneas travels and has adventures similar to those of Odysseus. and he turns over in his mind old Faunus’s oracle: this must be the man, from a foreign house, prophesied by the fates as my son-in-law, and summoned to reign with equal powe rs, whose descendants will be illustrious in virtue, and whose might will take possession of all the world. At last he spoke, joyfully: ‘May the gods favour this beginning, and their prophecy. Trojan, what you wish shall be granted. I do not reject your gifts: you will not lack the wealth of fertile fields, or Troy’s wealth, while Latinus is king.Only, if Aeneas has such longing for us, if he is eager to join us in friendship and be called our ally, let him come himself and not be afraid of a friendly face: it will be part of the pact, to me, to have touched your leader’s hand. Now you in turn take my reply to the king: I have a daughter whom the oracles from my father’s shrine, and many omens from heaven, will not allow to unite with a husband of our race: sons will come from foreign shores, whose blood will raise our name to the stars: this they prophesy is in store for Latium,. I both think and, if my mind foresees the truth, I hope that this is the man destiny demands. (Virgil, Book VII: 254-273). This portrayal resembles a sort of over the top storytelling by which Virgil attempts to show Aeneas' travels to be equal in divinity and adventure to those of the Greek hero, Odysseus. Livy mentions that before arriving in Italy, Aeneas definitely traveled quite a fair distance to Carthage and Sicily, however he does not state that any mythological creatures appeared nor does he recount any tales of Queen Dido nor Aeneas's trip to the underworld, he plainly states that the end of their voyage brought them to Italy, to the lands of King Latinus. When he learned that they were Trojans and their leader, Aeneas, son of Anchises and Venus, and since their native land had been put to the torch, they were exiles seeking a place to found a city, he was much impressed by the fame of both people and the leader and their spirit, prepared as they were for war or peace. He extended his right hand and pledged future friendship. Thereupon the two lea ders struck a treaty, while the two armies saluted one another.Aeneas, the story continues, became a guest of Latinus at his home, where the king before his household gods added a personal alliance to the public one by giving Aeneas his daughter in marriage† (Livy). It is very interesting to compare both accounts because it seems that both Livy and Virgil are saying very similar accounts for the meeting between king Latinus and Aeneas. It is interesting to note that Virgil's account is much more detailed and elegant, whereas Livy just seems to get to the point faster and more accurate.It seems as if it is difficult to trace history this far back, since Livy has more of a historian-type view when writing the Rise of Rome, meaning he will omit many exaggerated things such as oracles mentioning that Aeneas was prophesized to king Latinus. Livy's recount sheds light and seems to offer a ‘logical' reasoning. Livy states that Aeneas and the Trojans were famous throughout the l ands and therefore king Latinus must have heard of them, thereby making Aeneas a powerful man worthy of aligning with.The problem I see with Livy's recount is that he was impressed by the spirit of the people after the sacking of Troy, and extended his right hand in friendship and alliance. In olden times it seems that without personal relationships, a king would not marry off his daughter to a man that used to be a part of a great city, and I think this is where Virgil decided to insert the idea of a prophecy which indicated that Aeneas carried the future of Rome on his shoulders and that the gods would intervene and persuade king Latinus to offer his services and lliance with the Trojans. Livy, however understands that prophecies are a little far-fetched notions and wishing to create a more realistic history, omits it, however he omits much detail, meaning he does not want to write much about a topic he himself must be unsure of. By writing; â€Å"He was much impressed by the fam e of both people and the leader and their spirit, prepared as they were for war or peace.He extended his right hand and pledged future friendship† (Livy) Livy writes true scenarios, since it is common knowledge that the Trojans were famous, were probably armed and did indeed form an alliance with king Latinus, therefore writing no more and no less allows Livy to create a true, if not full, account of what must have happened. There are some archeological evidences that prove that Aeneas existed and that the stories of his pursuit of finding a new home were not invented.As Livy writes about Aeneas, the founder of the Roman people we are able to confirm his existence by the findings of coins dating as far back as 420-350BC showing Aeneas in different situations, however the most common coin images show Aeneas wearing a Phrygian cap or carrying his father, Anchises. The depiction of Aeneas wearing the phrygian cap shows us that there must be truth in the legend of Aeneas's travels to found a new city since the phrygian cap is also known as the cap of liberty in the roman culture, indicating that it was a well known fact that Aeneas and his people were seeking freedom and liberty, from their current situation.The current situation most probably being the loss of their city and therefore their liberty and security. Since wearing the cap signifies liberty and Rome was well known for accepting all sorts of people into its city when it was in its growing stages, the coins help in solidifying the concept of Aeneas as a founder of Rome. The mixing bowl dating back to 470-460BC, shows Aeneas carrying his father. Since these images were painted well before Livy and Virgil, this evidence also seems to confirm the characteristics of Aeneas being a good son who took care of his father.Finally, the travels of Aeneas, from the fall of Troy to the founding of Lavinium are very important myths which the Romans used as tools to recount their past ancestors. It is likely that much of the narrative is based on non-historical details which mean to portray an over exaggerated founder of the Roman people, however archeological evidence as well as accounts from both Livy and Virgil seem to indicate that perhaps there is truth to the myth, albeit the divinity and mythological creatures part.It seems to me that Aeneas was indeed able to escape or leave the ransacked city of Troy with or without the help of the Greeks and that he did indeed leave with his father, showing a deep root in family values. It also seems that Aeneas valued liberty highly since most of the coins portraying him show a phrygian cap on his head. Although Livy's accounts differ slightly from other accounts of Aeneas's myth, it seems that Aeneas must have existed, although there is no direct proof to show the world, meaning it could very well have been a very popular old myth.Sources: Virgil, The Aeneid. Translated by Robert Fitzgerald â€Å"Mixing Bowl depicting Aeneas carrying his father , Anchises 470-460BC† http://www. calvin. edu/academic/phys/observatory/images/asteroid_names-Rhipeus/Aeneas. jpg Coin – Macedonia, Aineia. Ca 424-350 BC. 17mm Aeneas wearing Phrygian Cap http://numismaticmythology. com/TrojanWar. aspx

On what grounds have Liberals defended democracy

Liberals, no matter classical or modern, believe in small state. As Thomas Paine put it: â€Å"Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil†. This concept links nicely with the idea of democracy, which literally means â€Å"rule by people†. Liberals have defended democracy on the grounds that people must have a way of protecting themselves against the government and its actions.This type of democracy is also referred to as protective democracy. Moreover, democracy opens an ability for people to choose. In a pure democracy, for instance, people would vote on every occasion ND policy, hence the core liberal idea of individualism would flourish in its fullest. However, in modern society it is practically impossible to have pure democracy, so we have to resort to participatory democracy.This still support the idea of individualism, as each vote counts towards the end result. Moreover, democracy improves political participation as people know that their voices will be heard. It also encourages political education in order to make the best choice of the candidate, which links with the idea of reason and the core period in liberalism's history of enlightenment.By being rational and self-seeking, individuals will want the best for themselves, hence they will seek to vote for the candidate that suits their needs and beliefs best, In order to do so, they will have to read, debate or learn about them by other means, which will increase the overall Intelligence of Individuals and therefore help them achieve their full potential, which Is what modern liberals believe is the main function of the government. Talking about modern liberalism, they have also defended democracy on the grounds that It promotes pluralism In our society.Democracy gives many competing groups, such as political parties or pressure groups, a political voice, which connects those to the political system and hence maintains political stability. Stability Is further promoted I n terms of Individuals: they all have a vote, and even If their candidate looses the election, a rational Individual will understand that the candidate who won had the majority support. In conclusion, liberals have defended democracy as It adheres to their core principles of Individualism and reason, as well as their view of the role of the government. ICC will increase the overall intelligence of individuals and therefore help them achieve their full potential, which is what modern liberals believe is the main defended democracy on the grounds that it promotes pluralism in our society. Maintains political stability. Stability is further promoted in terms of individuals: they all have a vote, and even if their candidate looses the election, a rational individual liberals have defended democracy as it adheres to their core principles of individualism and reason, as well as their view of the role of the government.

Power of E-Commerce over Traditional Mall Shopping POWER OF E-COMMERCE OVER TRADITIONAL MALL SHOPPING

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Medicinal Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medicinal Marijuana - Essay Example What if a number of patients have concrete evidences on the medicinal effects of marijuana? Should the government allow them to use it legally to save their life or continue its prohibition? Dr. Andrea Barthwell representing the White House National Drug Control Policy pointed at Dr. Oz’s show that state legalization of medical marijuana will only increase abuse incidences especially with the youth as the most vulnerable sector. On June 29, 2011, the U.S. Department of Justice in Washington sent a memo nationwide stating that the state laws do not spare the patient or other users from federal prosecution when found guilty of abuse (Laitner and Bell, 2011). This memo was sent after Michigan reported a large scale law breaking incidents related to medical marijuana. Arguments against legalization of medical marijuana is sustained by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and by other similar studies of crusaders against marijuana with report stating the adverse effects of smoking marijuana includes disorientation of some brain functions, cardiac vulnerabilities, lung diseases, and addiction (2010). The federal government believes that legalizing medical marijuana will only provide more opportunity for abuse like in the state of California where restrictions on the use of drugs is loose a person can acquire medical marijuana card when a physician recommends it for treatment just for any kind of ailment. As presented at The Dr. Oz Show, medical marijuana across the states where it is legal can be prescribed for a bundle of diseases ranging from life threatening such as HIV, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain due to cancer, and non-life threatening such as headache, anxiety, stress, and insomnia among others (2011). On the contrary, notable medical marijuana advocates present at the Dr. Oz show like Dr. Donald Abrams, Director of the Integrative Oncology Research Program at the University of California, San Francisco, believes on the potential of marijuana to be used as medicine for critically ill patients because of its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant characteristic. Another guest Montel Williams, famous host and author who is a multiple sclerosis patient, revealed that since he used medical marijuana no brain plaque growth has been observed in his brain . Williams shared that the University of Southern California, San Diego published its 2010 study which revealed medical marijuana as one of the top choices of physicians in treating patients suffering from multiple sclerosis and that there are no evidence suggesting smoking of marijuana as dangerous to lungs. Both sides taken considerably, the conflict is two tiers, at the government level and at the physician-patient level. The federal government declares that it illegal to use and distribute marijuana, and the Food and Drug Administration has not approved use of marijuana for medical purposes but many states are legalizing medical marijuana with varying and mostly loose regulations. T he studies done to prove and disprove the medical efficacy and effectiveness of marijuana are done separately by different physicians and patients looking into its different aspects. Such that oncologists like Dr. Abrams looked into how medical marijuana can help alleviate sufferings of terminally ill patients while psychologist and other

Hr proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hr proposal - Research Paper Example However, this dictatorial leadership style is not suitable for an organization that needs to enhance its capabilities and reach. For growth to take place, it is important for the leadership to not simply be about control, but understand the need to allow for other members of the organization to be as responsible for the achievement of goals as the management. A centric leadership structure can take away the culture of innovation and expression from an organization resulting in significant labour turnover as well as loss of productivity, due to dissatisfaction among the workforce. The key obstacle to any change in leadership comes from the top management itself. This is due to the control factor that has been exercised by these members that a change to the structure is regarded as a loss for the company. Leaders seldom wish to forego power that allows them to hold the ultimate control in the position they hold. The factor that is missing from the perception is that leaders are primarily the visionaries of organizations, and must leave the management to the other members of the organizations. Similarly, managers must pass along responsibilities in the labour line so as to increase the sense of belonging among the workforce, by harbouring a feeling of achievement in the overall workings of the organization. In order to manage and support the change, a collaborative approach must be undertaken by the management. This signifies an increase in involvement of all employees in the structuring of processes and procedures by the management, as well as allowing for a greater degree of understanding to be created regarding the vision and objectives of the organization. By understanding the needs of the employees, and bringing an open platform of communication, the management will be able to manage the change in culture that is to be established, while also creating a medium for the resolution of any conflict

Strategic Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Planning - Assignment Example It is based on this knowledge that a health care organization may decide on the best approach to use, in competing with their competitors. Another type of competitor identified by Moseley are potential competitors. These are companies that are operating in other industries, but they are showing a high likelihood of wanting to invest in the health care industry. These are always referred to as new entrants (Zuckerman, 2012). It is important to explain that investing in the health care industry is a very costly process, and on this basis, new entrants are normally business organizations that have the capability of raising the necessary capital. Furthermore, it is important to explain that new entrants could be firms operating the same line of business, but operating in a different geographical location (Harrison, 2010). Other possible new entrants include organizations that offer related services, suppliers who are interested in integrating forward in the chain, with the intention of forming a hospital organization, organizations that seek to diversify their portfolios, because of increased competition, etc. Another type of competitors is indirect competitors. These are health care institutions that offer substitute products. It is important to explain that this is competition, because these organizations have the capability of satisfying the customers of a health organization, in a similar manner, as the organization under consideration (Stahl, 2004). In gathering data, concerning the threats that direct competitors pose, there is a need of carrying out market research, through surveys, and observations. Surveys would enable the health care organization to collect data, based on the quality of service it offers, in comparison to the quality of service offered by its competitors. This type of information is very important because it

Marketing principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

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Analysis the artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis the artwork - Essay Example It is from the Neo-Assyrian era made around the eighth century B.C. from the Assyrian culture, created by an unknown artist. Its accession number is 60.145.11 and the credit line is Rogers Fund, 1960. The artwork stands 13.5 centimeters tall (Metropolitan Museum of Art). As mentioned earlier, the artwork as an example shows its relationship to the artist’s time and culture. The color, lines, shape and volume may as well give the meaning of the artwork as the composition, form and content do. The Assyrian sculpture is made of ivory which has been widely used during the time of its creation. Such use of the material shows the influence of Egyptian culture to Phoenician art. Moreover, the themes of the artworks also reflect the same influence (metmuseum.org). With the age of the sculpture, cracks and chips are seen all over it but one can just notice the quality of the material that lasted for millenniums with some of the parts still looking seemingly new, having the usual shiny and smooth surface typical of ivories. As formerly mentioned, ivory was used because of the influence of Egyptian culture to Phoenicia but perhaps also because of its availability and its tendency to last for years. In addition, the beauty that ivory holds is already a reason in itself for it to be used in the piece of art. Furthermore, the color of the sculpture speaks of its age. Most of the parts are faded while those which retained the color of the ivory are a bit darkened perhaps due to exposure to different seasons. The artwork in itself speaks of its early origins, having the customary characteristics of early artworks which do not show the meticulous and detailed general form of modern arts. Instead, the sculpture is roughly molded showing a big head which is not quite proportionate to the body and the faces which do not show fine details. In addition, the body of the tribute bearer and his gifts projected in the sculpture are slender, which is claimed to be Phoenician style (metmuseum.org). On the other hand, the other parts of the artwork have finer details which also give away the influence of culture to the artwork. For instance, the hair is obviously not natural because it looks curly, almost similar to the headdress of ancient English people. Moreover, the wrap around skirt is designed with intricate details that reflect Egyptian influence which is mostly observed in their respective artworks. The way the man is dressed shows his position, seen among common Egyptians in contrast to the other cultures where the upper body is also covered. The necklace the man is wearing also shows the use of ornaments of the early generations which is also reflective of Egyptian practice. Lastly, the use of sandals similar to what is used by the Egyptians clearly suggests a close relationship of Phoenicia to the renowned Egypt. The artwork is a reflection of the importance of giving gifts in the Phoenician culture. The man is perhaps sent to the leader of the stat e with the gifts as it was customary in the old times when visiting a leader. It could also be a personal decision for the tribute bearer to bring the gift to the receiver to ask for favors. This practice is widely known and practiced in early generations as often reflected in written literature and films set on such early times. Gifts then could be in the form of fruits, root crops and other foods, jewelries, clothes or animals such as the ones

What Is the Role of Social Media in Crisis Communication Essay Example for Free

What Is the Role of Social Media in Crisis Communication Essay Abstract This paper discusses the role of social media on crisis communication. Social media is the shared interaction between human communications. Social media has had a profound effect over the past several years, and has greatly changed crisis communication. It has made crisis communication more efficient and made it on a wider scale. This paper discusses the role of social media on crisis communication. To understand the role social media plays in crisis communication, we must first understand what crisis communication, and social media are. Social media is the shared interaction and communication between organizations, communities, and individuals. There are three things that make social media useful: immediacy, ubiquity, and availability. Immediacy meaning social media results in instantaneous transformation of information. Social media is Ubiquitous: meaning that hundreds of millions of individuals use social media. It encourages globalization, interaction, and participation. Availability meaning social media is available to anyone with an internet connection. Social media has definitely changed communication and crisis response. It has been a pivotal role in people’s lives. With rise of social media communication has been democratized. Social media determines how news is communicated. Social media allows us to communicate our thoughts, connect with people across the globe by reaching millions around the world. Increase in technology social media has become an important way of reaching audience. Half of the general population participates in online communication like Face Book, Twitter, and emails. It provides opportunity to participate, contribute ideas, and share knowledge. Social media is an efficient way for crisis communication for companies to defend its reputation. If a company has a blog and negative remarks have been made, crisis communicator can respond by counter remarks. One big role that a social media has to make sure their team, are the ones who are actually the voice of the organization. With the right tools in place any social media can play an important role in crisis communication. The rapid growth of mobile `applications increase the potential for reaching a large audience in a very short period of time. Through mobile application quicker accurate information is delivered to a broad audience around the globe. While social media is changing the efficiency of crisis communication, it’s also changing the practices of crisis communication, and the rate at which it’s advancing. The three strengths of social media (immediacy, ubiquity, and availability) allow crisis managers and instigators to communicate and manage crisis with great speed. However at the same time crises can be created on social media itself, mainly those affecting businesses. Another way that social media affects crisis communication, is the fact that it has changed what used to be regional crises into global crises. As you can see social media is an important way of reaching audiences. In this case the audience must be informed of crises. In the end if it weren’t for social media, it would be difficult to handle crisis. Reference: http://www.boozallen.com/insights/insight-detail/4242069 http://www.danlandau.net/writing/sources/research/danlandau_thesis.pdf http://www.katebrodock.com/2011/11/the-role-of-a-social-media-communicator-during-a-crisis-a-conversation-with-chrisbrogan/

GPS-GSM based Rail Signaling and Tracking System

GPS-GSM based Rail Signaling and Tracking System Abstract: In this paper, we propose a system for monitoring, tracking, and automating the trains. In contrast to the existing methods, we employ a global position system (GPS) and Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). The messages are sent and each train is individually tracked. We utilize signaling techniques like GPS and GSM, which provide information to the loco pilot proactively. The proposed system has advantages in terms of communication range and accuracy with respect to wi-fi based rail tracking method. The work has potential applications in bad weather and emergency situations like collision. Keywords: Train Tracking, Collision Detection, Collision Avoidance, GPS, GSM, Railway Signaling. I. INTRODUCTION Railway tracking in the countries like United States, Russia, China, and India assumes significant attention. The railways traverse the length and breadth of the country and carry over billions of passengers and million tons of freight daily. In recent years, a hectic problem around the world is regarding traffic densities. This is not uncommon in railway sectors either. We often hear about the word train collision and its huge impact on precious human life and time. With great passion for this issue, the paper proposes the solution for this grave problem. Especially if we consider the case of Indian railway, most of the train tracking is based on manual entry from stations. The railway is always looking for the specific tracking methodologies, which will provide prior state of the train before arriving to the station. The GPS-GSM tracking system overcomes many problems like multiple aspect color light signaling, relay interlocking, and various kinds of block working, point operation and train tracking. The proposed system is applicable for reducing the damages to a greater extent and it is helpful to both railway system and loco pilot. Uvaraja et al. presents advanced pre-warning system (Railways). The proposed system is an upgrade of the existing train protection warning system (TPWS) and Anti-collision device (ACD) systems. The system makes use of radio frequency identification (RFID), FLIR cameras and other embedded systems [3]. Immanuel et al. proposes real time wireless based train tracking, track identification and collision avoidance system for railway sectors [4]. Shaik et al. presents rail tracking system (RTS). For transmission and receiving of the information, GPS is utilized. A message exchange link is given between rail tracking system and control room based on the GPS. The location of the train is tracked using GSM technology herein [7, 8]. K. Vidyasagar et al. proposes signaling based system that utilizes radio frequency and infrared technology for train tracking. This paper utilizes a switching logic methodology, technique to meet the issues of the train tracking method. This work also focuses to map the train on the display screen [6]. The above systems have constraints in real time; most of these constraints can be overcome in the proposed GPS-GSM based technique. The objective of this paper is to monitor, track and automate trains based on GPS-GSM techniques. The subsequent section of this paper is organized as follows: In Section II, we describe the GPS-GSM modules used for tracking purposes. Section III discusses the performance evaluation of the GPS-GSM module for tracking of the train. Section IV concludes the paper and discusses the potential future work. II. GPS-GSM MODULES FOR TRACKING AND SIGNALING The proposed system consists of two parts, tracking and signaling. Both tracking and signaling are carried out with the help of GPS and GSM modules. A. RAILWAY TRACKING USING GPS-GSM TECHNIQUE Our proposed method for tracking and signaling relies greatly on the wireless communication. It uses GPS and GSM for the communication between trains and operation centres. When each train gets their own module, it connects using GPS to obtain their position. The module which is mounted on the train sends the position and train details using GSM technology proactively. This data is received by a central sever, which in turn sends this data to the trains on that track and operation centers. Hence, within the required distance, if any train is traversing in a same track can read this data and can calculate the distance the two trains. Therefore, based on the distance between two trains, the various alarm levels are raised, when the distance is less than predefined threshold. Then, the proposed system (Train mounted Module) starts warning the driver to avoid the collision occurrence. The proposed system responds quickly and avoids the train collisions. The Figure 1 illustrates the flow chart of the GSM-GPS based rail tracking system. The distance between the trains can be calculated using latitude and longitude provided by the GPS module. Haversine formula can be used for this calculation and given in terms of inverse tangent formula to obtain the great circle distance between two locations. The formula for calculation of distance using GPS coordinate s is . Where  signaling terminologies: red signifies stop instantly before entering the next track section occupied by an ahead train; yellow shows move ahead with reasonable speed (45 km/h) as far as the signal. Green signal illustrates that the subsequent track is not occupied and the train may enter that particular section at the maximum possible speed. In heavily rush tracks; two other signal terminologies are also utilized. Two yellow lights show the restricted speed, and one yellow and one green light show the reduced speed. The working of our system is illustrated with an example of two trains A and B. Suppose there are two trains A and B on the same track, As the GPS co-ordinates of the signal post are fixed, we directly encode those positions in the module so that when the train A which is ahead of the train B crosses the signal position and signal is changed to red, the signal which is changed is directly fed into the train B using GSM module and we can show the current signal of the signal post on a screen in the locomotive. In this way it is helpful for loco pilots to observe the signal during bad weather and low visibility conditions. III. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION In this section, experimental setup, hardware details, results and their analysis are provided. A. Experimental Setup Main module used in this work is SIM 908 Module, which has GPS, GSM and GPRS combined and Arduino UNO board. Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on ATmega328 as shown in Figure 3. It has 14 digital input, output pins and 16 Analog pins. It can be communicated to the computer via USB cable. All sensors and communicating devices are connected using microcontroller. SIM908 is integrated with a GSM-GPRS technique that is of high performance and a GPS engine as shown in Figure 4. The GSM-GPRS technique is a quad-band module that works on different frequencies like EGSM 900MHz, PCS 1900MHz, DCS 1800MHz, and GSM 850MHz. SIM908 utilizes GPRS multi-slot class 10 and class 8 and CS-1 to CS-4 coding schemes are employed herein. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 5. Figure  trains are subsequently calculated using GPS coordinates and warning system as shown in Figure 6, 7 and 8. Signaling of the train is also achieved successfully. Real time results of GPS coordinates on the map are shown in Figure 9 which shows the effectiveness of the proposed system. IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK The proposed system provides the promising and reliable output. The tracking system using GPS and GSM modules may enable the rail department to safeguard the human life from accidents. The position and the current status of the signal in the signal post are directly transmitted to the train and can be displayed on the screen. In future this work may be extended for automation and driver-less train using GPS, GSM and GPRS techniques. Real time data of moving trains like speed and current location may be tracked and monitored at the control station. Such real-time information can be utilized for system upgrade so as to avert accidents due to natural calamities such as landslide and cyclone. An additional geographic sensor and interface with geographic information system may be required for the same. Furthermore the analysis of such data is bound to provide us with much deeper insight as to why such accidents take place. Learning from such an analysis can be applied to the system, further improving it over time as their data is collected and studied. REFERENCES [1]. N. V. Chawale, P. J. Kadam, S. N. Khodke, P. L. Thakre P.S. Borkhade, K. A. Dhobale ZigBee and RFID Based Train Tracking System International Journal of Thesis Projects and Dissertations, Vol. 2, Issue 2, PP (1-3), April June 2014. [2]. G. K. Dwivedy performance of new technologies in signalling systems on indian railwaysIRSE, 2012. [3]. S. Uvaraja and R. V. Prashanth Advanced Pre-Warning System (Railways) International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2012. [4]. R.I. Rajkumar, P. E. Sankaranarayanan, and G.Sundari Real Time Wireless based Train Tracking, Track Identification and Collision avoidance System for Railway Sectors International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering Technology (IJARCET) Volume 3, Issue 6, June 2014. [5]. T. Takashige Railway technology today 8 signaling systems for safe railway transport japan railway and transport system 1999. [6]. K.vidyasagar, P.S. babu,R.R.Prasad, Train Tracking and the signaling system using IR and RF technology International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 119 No.23, June 2015. [7]. R. Takagi Synchronisation control of trains on the railway track controlled by the moving block signalling system Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp.130-138, September 2012. [8]. Q. Gu , T. Tang and F. Ma Energy-Efficient Train Tracking Operation Based on Multiple Optimization Models IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 17, Issue 3, pp. 882 892, March 2016

The Deaths of Antigone and Creon :: Free Essay Writer

The Deaths of Antigone and Creon Antigone and Creon are the main characters of the play Antigone written by Sophocles. Antigone is the daughter of Oedipus, who was a major figure of ancient Greek myth. Oedipus accidentally killed his father and married his mother. Because of that act, Oedipus ended up cursing his family and died a horrible death. After his death, his sons inherited his kingdom and in a power struggle ended up killing each other. One of the sons, Polynices attacked the city to try and claim power from his brother. But since both of the brothers died and the city was not taken Polynices was labeled as a traitor whereas the other brother who died defending the city was celebrated as a hero. Creon decreed at the beginning of the play Antigone that no one was to bury the body of traitorous Polynices. Antigone felt that it was here responsibility to bury the body because he was still a member of her family. This led to a huge argument with Creon who felt he shouldn’t be crossed because he was the leader of the state. Eventually both Creon and Antigone are destroyed by the gods (and by each other) through their own actions. Antigone is a powerful character, strong-willed, determined and at times self-righteous. She is contrasted by her sister Ismene, who is weak and powerless. Though Antigone is a powerful character, she has no real political power and is dominated by one man, Creon. Creon is both the ruler of the state as well as the patriarch of her family. Antigone was raised by Creon’s house after her own father went in to exile. Antigone is betrothed to Creon’s son, Haemon, further cementing Creon’s power over her. There is one aspect of life that Antigone does have legitimate power in and that is her family, especially her blood line. In ancient-Greek culture the women’s place was in the home, she was responsible for household things and often wasn’t even allowed to leave the house. It is because of this responsibility that Antigone needed to bury her brother Polynices even though it went against the decree of Creon. Antigone also had the gods on her side. It was an unwritten rule of ancient Greek society that the dead must be buried, otherwise bad things may happen. This rule, because it was unwritten and therefore innate, was protected by the gods, specifically Hades, the god of the underworld and family. The Deaths of Antigone and Creon :: Free Essay Writer The Deaths of Antigone and Creon Antigone and Creon are the main characters of the play Antigone written by Sophocles. Antigone is the daughter of Oedipus, who was a major figure of ancient Greek myth. Oedipus accidentally killed his father and married his mother. Because of that act, Oedipus ended up cursing his family and died a horrible death. After his death, his sons inherited his kingdom and in a power struggle ended up killing each other. One of the sons, Polynices attacked the city to try and claim power from his brother. But since both of the brothers died and the city was not taken Polynices was labeled as a traitor whereas the other brother who died defending the city was celebrated as a hero. Creon decreed at the beginning of the play Antigone that no one was to bury the body of traitorous Polynices. Antigone felt that it was here responsibility to bury the body because he was still a member of her family. This led to a huge argument with Creon who felt he shouldn’t be crossed because he was the leader of the state. Eventually both Creon and Antigone are destroyed by the gods (and by each other) through their own actions. Antigone is a powerful character, strong-willed, determined and at times self-righteous. She is contrasted by her sister Ismene, who is weak and powerless. Though Antigone is a powerful character, she has no real political power and is dominated by one man, Creon. Creon is both the ruler of the state as well as the patriarch of her family. Antigone was raised by Creon’s house after her own father went in to exile. Antigone is betrothed to Creon’s son, Haemon, further cementing Creon’s power over her. There is one aspect of life that Antigone does have legitimate power in and that is her family, especially her blood line. In ancient-Greek culture the women’s place was in the home, she was responsible for household things and often wasn’t even allowed to leave the house. It is because of this responsibility that Antigone needed to bury her brother Polynices even though it went against the decree of Creon. Antigone also had the gods on her side. It was an unwritten rule of ancient Greek society that the dead must be buried, otherwise bad things may happen. This rule, because it was unwritten and therefore innate, was protected by the gods, specifically Hades, the god of the underworld and family.

Rock and Roll in the Early Fifties Essay -- Music Art Musicians Rock a

Rock and Roll in the Early Fifties Hail, hail rock ‘n’ roll, Deliver me from the days of old. Long live rock ‘n’ roll The beat of the drum is loud and bold, Rock, rock, rock ‘n’ roll, The spirit is there body and soul.† - Chuck Berry (Hibbard and Kaleialoha, 19) An African- American euphemism for making love, rock and roll spurred from all genres of music, but mainly that of folk, country, jazz, pop and rhythm & blues (Yorke, 11). It is a type of music that generally involves heavy pounding of the piano, a loud drum beat, saxophone backgrounds and boisterous shouting by the singer. It was a new blend of music emerging from 1948- 1951 as a result of a generation’s need to express their own identity. Originally, rock and roll was performed by black artists because it was a result of the incorporation of a more upbeat background to rhythm & blues. Examples of such artists would be Little Richard and Chuck Berry; both were coined â€Å"the fathers of rock and roll† even though they started out as rhythm & blues artists (Szatmary, 16). In context of â€Å"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof,† the characters most likely to support rock and roll are Maggie, and Mae’s children. This new upbeat, new- age, gibberish was a sy mbol of independence, escapism, and rebellion for youths of the early1950’s (Brown, 4). Although its initial peak of success occurred in 1956, rock and roll had been developing since 1951. The introduction of the 45 rpm disc, transistor radio, and television; and finally, its lively, upbeat sound all contributed to the success of rock and roll(Peterson, 102- 104). The â€Å"baby boomer† generation after the Second World War, was a major influence on the success of rock and roll. Unlike their parents, this g... ... Roll. New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Inc., 1996. This book provides a very detailed outline on how and where rock and roll originated. It places much emphasis on the transition from Black to White rock artists and how society reacted to this change. Szatmary also presents sufficient information on the many aspects of rock and roll, ranging from what the lyrics are about, to the beginnings of rock and roll and new age rock. - Yorke, Ritchie, Rock- The History of Rock’n’Roll. New York: Methuen/ Two Continents Publications, 1976. In Rock- The History of Rock ‘n’ Roll, Yorke provides a chronological approach to rock and roll from 1877- 1974. Although it is not extremely detailed, a general overview of each year’s music is presented. Throughout the book, many descriptive summaries of individual artists may be found along with classic pictures.

Personal statement for applying master degree in Finance in the UK Essay

Over the years, I have found that there are so many things that I have started but have never really finished. It was not until a couple of months ago, however, that I had come to realize that I wanted to accomplish so much more and that I was committed to pursuing my career in this field. It was from that moment on that I had decided that I came to a point in life that many people have not. I have made a firm decision to recommit myself to pursuing my dreams. While there are those who believe that with an ounce of luck and a ton of persistence anything can be accomplished, I believe that there is no reason to expend so much energy and rely on luck. I believe in taking hold of my destiny and carving out a future for myself based on the decisions that I make in life. Life is simply too short and too precious to be left to luck alone. That is why the choices that I made in life were all geared towards my intended major in accounting. As a young girl, I have always had a keen interest in accounting. When others wanted to become firemen and doctors, I was intent on being an accountant. There is something about keeping things straight and in order as an accountant that appeals to my preferences. My interests over the years may have spread out to other fields such as marketing and management but the core interest remains in accounting. Coupled with my growing interest in business, however, I have seen that there is no limit to what I can accomplish in the future. The relevance of accounting to myself and the achievement of my personal goals stems from the fact that there have been a number of accounting reforms that have been implemented to address the issue of companies extending certain accounting practices to create a better financial picture of their companies. The Enron and Worldcom scandals have shown that there are indeed ways by which companies can use â€Å"creative† accounting methods to make is seem that their assets are much more than their liabilities. While these events have rocked the accounting world, it cannot be discounted that accounting does indeed play an important role in the managing of any business be it a local store or an international company. As such, I realize that I am in a unique position to not only carry out my dream but also to be part of change in this world. As the world continues to change and the workplace becomes more and more challenging and competitive, it becomes imperative for anyone looking for a successful career to not only have the drive to succeed but also the training and expertise to do so. My numerous experiences in the field of accounting have mostly come through my exposure at work at the Hubei Provincial Cereals Oils and Foodstuffs I/E (Group) Corporation where I needed to learn several accounting concepts in order to perform my jobs satisfactorily. I have also had ample experience as a Tourism Department Director and have been responsible for organizing several trips for Chinese students all over the world. Despite this, however, I believe that I need the experience and training from this course in order to reach my full potential. I believe that this experience and background of mine will help me pursue this dream. While I realize that I am still in undergraduate school at New Castle University, I realize that in the larger scheme of things I can use my education and training here as a means to help others as well. Putting up my own CPA firm and being an accountant will provide me with the financial stability that I need to pursue my other goals in life. As part of the Chinese Society in School and the Accountancy Society, I have had many chances to give back to society and I feel that I can do more with this degree. In the future, I see the fulfillment of my goals as not only as an achievement but as a manner by which I can also help others. That is why I believe that this course is a crucial step for me. My success and my accomplishments here will herald the beginning of the fulfillment of my personal and professional goals. It is said that the one thing that nobody can ever take away from you is your education and that is the one thing that plan to be able to gain for myself. My personality, in my humble opinion, is best suited for this kind of endeavor because of my ability to multi-task. During my past work experiences at Hubei Provincial Cereals Oils and Foodstuffs I/E (Group) Corporation and at the Wuhan HONRN Fashion Limited Company, I have often come across as witty and amiable. Yet, I am no push over when it comes to working in a corporate or business environment. I firmly believe that I can succeed in anything that I want to as long as I work hard at it. I get things done. The job gets done faster and more efficiently as and when the objectives are clear, the strategies acceptable, and the resources are available. Of course, in the real world, these do not always happen. To the extent that they happen and to the extent that I can make them happen, I go after them and manage to get the job done. Being a part of the illustrious alumni of the London School of Economic and being given a chance to be part of this rich history is something that I look forward to. Not only does this School exceed my expectations but it is also enjoys a global reputation of which I would like to be able to contribute to. Given my experiences in life and being a diligent student, I have personally experienced how much good work ethic can contribute to the advancement of one’s dream. I have worked tirelessly in the pursuit of my education because it is said that the one thing that nobody can ever take away from you is your education. I have also learned from my parents the critical importance of the law of giving, and I am both attracted and committed to this model of community service, particularly that â€Å"students apply skills to effect social change. I am confident that my past experiences have prepared me to not only be able to be an instrument by which this change can be affected but also to be able to inspire others to reach for their dreams as well. While I personally believe that â€Å"there is no such thing as a free lunch† and that everything a person has in life must come from hard work and perseverance, I also believe in charity. I believe in helping others who do not have much in life. I believe in helping people regardless of their nation, race or creed. This philosophy is one of the many forces that drive me to pursue my dream of pursuing this career and of becoming so much more in life. The chance to help those who are less fortunate in life, the chance to help others like myself, the opportunity to be of service to humanity; these are the reasons why I have selected this as the profession that I will pursue; for, as Eleanor Roosevelt once said, â€Å"The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 