Essay about Math 540 Midterm - 2049 Words

Current Location MAT540046VA016-1132-001 Quantitative Methods Review Test Submission: Midterm Exam Menu Management Options Expand All Collapse All MAT540046VA016-1132-001 (Quantitative Methods) Course Home Student Center Announcements Email Gradebook Class Introductions Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Review Test Submission: Midterm Exam Content User | | Course | Quantitative Methods | Test | Midterm Exam | Started | 2/9/13 10:35 PM | Submitted | 2/11/13 5:07 PM | Status | Completed | Score | 150 out of 200 points | Time Elapsed | No data | Instructions | | Question 1 5 out of 5 points | | | Deterministic techniques assume that no uncertainty exists in model†¦show more content†¦The average number of breakdowns from the simulation trials was 1.93 with a standard deviation of 0.20. No. of breakdowns per week | Probability | Cumulative probability | 0 | .10 | .10 | 1 | .25 | .35 | 2 | .36 | .71 | 3 | .22 | .93 | 4 | .07 | 1.00 | What is the probability of 2 or fewer breakdowns?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | .71 | Correct Answer: | .71 | | | | | Question 16 5 out of 5 points | | | rob 14, and 15)estion worth 2 points, 1 hour time limit (chapters 1,ue units EXCEPT:The U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that the yearly yield of limes per acre is distributed as follows: Yield, bushels per acre | Probability | 350 | .10 | 400 | .18 | 450 | .50 | 500 | .22 | The estimated average price per bushel is $16.80. What is the expected yield of the crop?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | 442 | Correct Answer: | 442 | | | | | Question 17 5 out of 5 points | | | __________ is a linear regression model relating demand to time.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Linear trend | Correct Answer: | Linear trend | | | | | Question 18 0 out of 5 points | | | Consider the following graph ofShow MoreRelatedKkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk6406 Words   |  26 PagesMechanical Behavior of Materials Composite Materials Mechanics of Polymers I Mechatronic Systems Design Microelectromechanical Systems Energy Generation and Storage Using Modern Materials 3. 1 4. Noise, Vibration and Harshness MECHENG 440 MECHENG 540 MECHENG 524 MECHENG 541 Intermediate Dynamics and Vibrations OR Intermediate Dynamics Advanced Engineering Acoustics Mechanical Vibrations 4 3 3 3 5. Powertrain AUTO 599 Spec Topic MECHENG 599 Spec Topic CHE 696 MECHENG 432 MECHENG 537 AEROSPRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesdirection 10 Chocolate cake 26 PREFERENCES (Ch. 3) 3.8 (0) Professor Goodheart always gives two midterms in his communications class. He only uses the higher of the two scores that a student gets on the midterms when he calculates the course grade. (a) Nancy Lerner wants to maximize her grade in this course. Let x1 be her score on the ï ¬ rst midterm and x2 be her score on the second midterm. Which combination of scores would Nancy prefer, x1 = 20 and x2 = 70 or x1 = 60 and x2 = 60? (20,70)Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages............................... 1.4 Types of Data and Some Simple Graphical Displays Every discipline has its own particular way of using common words, and statistics is no exception. You will recognize some of the terminology from previous math and science courses, but much of the language of statistics will be new to you. ââ€"   Describing Data ................................................................................................. The individuals or objects in any particular

Compare and Contrast of Surrealism and Expressionism

Comparison/ Contrast of Surrealism and Expressionism By Fidencio Davalos, ART 110: Art Appreciation Surrealism Surrealism is a period in art history when artists created dreamlike paintings filled with mysterious objects or familiar objects that have been oddly changed in ways that one would not see in reality (Kleiner, F., 2000). It is a style of art, where objects are realistically painted. The art looks real with light shadows, and details, but the way they are arranged or the way their shape is altered makes them look dreamlike, and therefore, beyond real (Kleiner, F., 2000). Roots of Surrealism The Surrealist movement started in France in the 1920’s. According to my research, its roots were found in Dada, but†¦show more content†¦Veristic Surrealists also believed that the language of the subconscious world was in the form of image (Kleiner, F., 2000). While their work may look similar, Automatists only see art where Veristic Surrealists see meaning. Surrealism drew elements from Cubism and Expressionism, and used some of the same techniques from the Dada movement (Kleiner, F., 2000). Nonetheless there were certain techniques and devices that were characteristic to Surrealist art. Some devices including levitation, changing an object’s scale, transparency, and repetition are used to create a â€Å"typical† surrealist look (Balakian, A., 1986). A very common Surrealist technique is the association of objects that would typically not be together in a certain situation or together at all. This has been described as â€Å"beautiful as the en counter of an umbrella and a sewing-machine on a dissecting table† (Balakian, A., 1986). Characteristics of surrealism Many surrealist artists painted very realistically but had one displaced object that changed the painting entirely. Another technique called â€Å"objective chance,† used images found in nature that could not be created by an artist. Stencils and rubbings were used to utilize these images (Kleiner, F., 2000). An additional characteristic of Surrealist art is the fact that many pieces have very obvious or simple titles stating the subject matter simply, (Kleiner, F., 2000). These techniques are typical of mostShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Rafael Soriano And Francis Bacon1219 Words   |  5 Pagesthe art world for half of the 20th century. Rafael Soriano was considered an abstract painter based in Cuba and America. His late series struggled ? with surrealism and abstraction. Soriano’s late artworks are very different from his early pieces, abstract paintings with colorful geometric shapes what were his other works like ? compare and contrast. He used a lot of primary colors in the 50s and the 60s: red, blue, yellow†¦etc.Paintings at the time were energetic and dynamic. Soon after this periodRead MoreFrida Kahlo and Joy Hester Essays1733 Words   |  7 Pagescelebrated in Australian exhibitions. Hester and Kahlo both attended art schools through the 1920s and 30s; because of this they share many of the same basic artistic influences. Surrealism played a big part in the development of their art, especially in Kahlos works that are often associated with surrealism. Expressionism was another influence they shared but it played less of a role in their art as it only began development in the 1950s. Both of these movements and those preceding them were maleRead MoreI Will Explore The Painting Wo Ist Ein Zigarrengeschaft By Jean Phillipe Dallaire1747 Words   |  7 Pagesdrafting, and the likeness of children s art.   During this employment his â€Å"works showed multiple stylistic avenues, and are considered for their draftsmanship, and spontaneity in subject and use of colour, he was inspired by mythological figures, surrealism, synthetic cubism and art brut †(National Gallery of Canada[APA],n.d).   While there appears he had many influences, those gained through hi s studies and life after his training - he left paris in the 1940’s - would undoubtedly influence his followingRead MoreThe Art Techniques And Styles2643 Words   |  11 PagesCompare contrast essay The two artists I have chosen to compare and contrast have recently exhibited work at the tate modern they are Antony Gormley s untitled piece he predominantly uses additive sculpture as his preferred medium and Anish Kapoor`s Ishi’s Light he uses additive sculpture as well to create work. Anish Kapoor produces art in a very personal way through abstract expressionism. This is shown through the representation of his emotion within his art but done in such as a way as toRead MoreComparing The Historical And Intellectual Circumstances Surrounding The Writing Of Two3390 Words   |  14 PagesCompare the historical and intellectual circumstances surrounding the writing of two formally contrasting plays, commenting on their impact upon each play’s purpose and reception. (Choose one realist and one non-realist play from the list of set texts) A defining act, speech or movement can make history. When someone goes against the norm and convention is thrown aside, defining work is immediately recognised. History is made up of good and bad, the moral and immoral, but all encompass one anotherRead MoreChapter 33 – Early 20th Century5648 Words   |  23 Pages | ____ 38. ...I believe in the future resolution of the states of dream and reality, in appearance so contradictory, in a sort of absolute reality, or surreality. This definition of Surrealism was written by __________. |a. |Guillaume Apollinaire | |b. |Friedrich Nietzsche Read MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pagespigments mixed with linseed oil vehicle and turpentine medium or thinner. ↠ Acrylic is a mixture of pigment and a vehicle that can be thinned with water. PAINTING STYLES ↠ Abstract same with calligraphy is a form of non-figurative art. ↠ Expressionism is an art derived from Cubism which is a development of decorative, individualistic, and personal expressiveness. ↠ Baroque originated from the Italian word â€Å"barucco† which is a philosophical term meaning â€Å"opposing† or â€Å"contradicting.†

The Media And Its Effect On Society - 1812 Words

Throughout the years the use of technology has increased, and expanded. Mass media plays a vital role in society. Mass media can be defined as any means of communication, to an extremely large group of people. Technological advancements have been extremely beneficial for prior generations, the generation we now live in, and will be for the future generations to come. Such as, providing news for the world to hear, entertainment, and much more. Some examples of media would be television, films, newspapers, and the Internet. Unfortunately along with benefits, there are disadvantages concerning gender discrimination, and sexism. Such as, women feelings forced and obligated to stay at home with their children instead of working, and the representation of beauty involving both men and women. Examples of how the media can accomplish this would be through the use of advertisements, movies, magazines, and the radio. The media has an enormous effect on people within society today. The media ha s the ability to influence the way people think, and the way they behave. The connection between technology, and mass media would be how they both change the views of many different people in the world we live in today. Society’s thoughts and actions regarding gender discrimination, and sexism have been molded through the use of technology whether society knows it or not. For example, women feel forced to stay at home instead of working, because this image had been portrayed in many movies andShow MoreRelatedMedia And Its Effects On Society976 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society if one were to walk down a populated sidewalk, it would seem merely impossible to spot a sole not twiddling away on their phone. With an entire world unfolding at their fingertips, we witness a society that has become addicted to media. Used as a powerful source of knowledge and entertainment, media plays an enormous role in the development of human life and gender distinction. Through the use of media, guidelines consisting of generated ideas and ways of living, affect both menRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On The Society957 Words   |  4 Pageshis loyalty (Vaughn, 2013). The media emphasizes that the rising intensity of the rivalry is the main factor that is resulting in the increase of gang activities, but the lack of questioning by the media on the possible causal factors that lead to the crime limits the understanding of the motives. The media misplaces confidence in the judgments of the SPD, by only questioning for details of the specific shooting and not the factors that may have caused it. The media simply accepting the SPD s claimRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1709 Words   |  7 PagesViolence is much more socially acceptable in today’s society than it was hundreds of years ago, which is mostly caused by technological advances. As technology expanded, so did our generation’s tendency for violence. With all the breakthroughs in social interaction using technology, the media has become a large contributor to society. Coinciding with the first amendment to free speech, the media is a very valuable and powerful tool in spreading information when used for important purposes. HoweverRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1236 Words   |  5 Pageswithout the average American engaging in some form of technology laced with advertisements, whether it be a minute long video prefacing a Yout ube video or a thirty second long Pandora audio commercial. A common theme emerges throughout these forms of media, the subordination of women. TV shows, video games, movies, and songs frequently portray women as objects, dehumanizing them by showing them as being subservient to men, or showing them as adhering to stereotypical behavior. On one hand, some argueRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe media plays a huge role in molding the public mind. The public has a collective thought process of the world and the media is always there to shape up that perception of the world. The Running Man takes place in a dystopian future where the masses are fully controlled by the Government and people are oblivious to their surroundings like a herd of sheep, steered any way the Network desires. The media is the largest outlet for propaganda and there are no competitors to the Network for they haveRead MoreMedia and Its Effects on Society1437 Words   |  6 PagesMedia and its Effects on Society Media plays a crucial role in our life nowadays. It serves as a bridge that connects people to the world, leading to a global exchange of information and knowledge. Media also offers platform for people to voice their thoughts on political and social issues, providing room for different perspectives. Unquestionably, media affects our life in nearly every ways. With a turn of a magazine page, a tune on a radio, or a flip of a TV channel, media somewhat plays a partRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1622 Words   |  7 Pageslife, or in people society, such as politicians or well-known actresses. Though they re still icons of our day, many people in our technological and media influenced days look toward television, film, books and other forms of arts. However, representation is not always fair nor is it proper when it comes to certain groups of human society. Many people who struggle with discrimination in their daily life, struggle with finding proper and real representatio n in our mainstream media. Minority representationRead MoreMedia And Its Effect On Society Essay1892 Words   |  8 Pagesentertainment media have had a positive effect on society? Name Institution An evaluation of the last half decade shows that media and its influence on communities and society at large has expanded significantly with advancement of technology. It is apparent that in the world today, media has an influential role in the daily life of an individual. From the time that a person wakes up to the time they go to bed, they are surrounded in a world that has been developed by media. Initially thereRead MoreEffects Of The Media On Society2469 Words   |  10 PagesChapter 3: Effects of the Media Though war contributed to changes in society, the media was the driving factor behind changes including the fixation with beauty among women. Magazines had the ability to perpetuate the already emerging ideals. The idea of self-improvement became a very popular topic in the 1920s seen across all women’s magazines, contributing to the progression from the middle class women to the New Woman. This â€Å"New Woman† was one of beauty and fun with â€Å"admiration and lastingRead MoreMedia And Its Effect On Society2385 Words   |  10 PagesName: Title: Institution: Abstract Different theories have been utilized to dissect the media and its effect on the general public. The ascent of the m Media business in the twentieth century gave a formal method for correspondence that was open to practically everybody in a society. Early scholars came to see media as being in charge of publicizing and dispersing the changes, turmoil, and discontent which embodied the period. They rebuked the mass communications for offering assurance and propagating

Characters in Hamlet and Young Hamlet Free Essays

The theme of revenge is a primary source of discord among the characters in Hamlet. Vengeance affects each person who is exacting it and those present around them. In particular, Hamlet, Laertes, and Claudius’s retribution leads to their demise. We will write a custom essay sample on Characters in Hamlet and Young Hamlet or any similar topic only for you Order Now William Shakespeare’s Hamlet can be defined as a revenge tragedy. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the reader sees a noble, heroic central character that is destroyed because a defect in his character either causes him to involve himself in circumstances which overpower him, or make him incapable of dealing with a destructive situation caused by another character or by circumstances. The play ends with the death of the central character. But before he dies, he achieves insights which make him a more perceptive human being than he was when the play began. This central character, Hamlet, shows his love directly and indirectly to the reader. Hamlet is noble in birth and person, a prince of extraordinary intelligence: and, as the action of the play proves, he is heroic. His defect (indecision, excessive imagination, irrationality, madness, etc. ) prevent him from seizing control of the world Claudius has created. His death closes the play, but only after he experiences and expresses illuminations about human life and death. After Hamlet’s Father died, it cast an unwanted and heavy cloud upon Hamlet’s soul. Throughout the play Hamlet learns that his Father’s death was no mistake, but it was Hamlet’s Uncle’s plan to murder him. This, of course, throws a much larger burden on Hamlet’s hands and the thirty year old prince seeks revenge continuously. Hamlet learned from the ghost of his Father about the betrayal Claudius had planned. The ghost of his Father tells him to â€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder,† Act 1, Scene 3; Line 74]. He also directs Hamlet away from killing his Mother. Revenge causes the characters in Hamlet to act blindly through anger and emotion, rather than through reason. It is based on the principle of an eye for an eye; this action is not always the best means to an end. Fortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet were all looking to avenge the deaths of their Fathers. They all acted on emotion driven by the want of revenge concerning their Father’s deaths, and this led to the downfall of two, and the rise to power of one. Since the head authority figures of the three major families were each murdered, the eldest sons of these families felt that they needed to take some kind of action to avenge their Father’s deaths. This need to bring honour to their respective families was ultimately the demise of Laertes and Hamlet. Firstly, Hamlet displays anger toward his Uncle, King Claudius for marrying his Mother, Queen Gertrude, so quickly after the tragic death of his Father, King Hamlet. However, the main source of his anger begins with his feelings of despise for his Mother who chose to marry Claudius so soon after her own husbands’ death. Hamlet constantly allows this incident to brood in him and overrule every other thought and action he takes. Hamlet is convinced that the level of grief he feels for his Father’s death is the standard that everyone around him should be following. Since Gertrude does not express the same intensity of sorrow that Hamlet does, he is left furious at her and those in similar standing. ‘Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother, Nor customary suits of solemn black, Nor windy suspiration of forced breath, No, nor the fruitful river in the eye, Nor the dejected haviour of the visage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [Act 1, Scene 2; lines 77-86]. Secondly, King Hamlet’s ghost shares with Hamlet the cause of his death and how his murderer, Claudius, seduced Gertrude even before his death. â€Å" ’Tis given out that, sleeping in mine orchard, A serpent stung me; so the whole ear of Denmark Is by a forged process of my death,† [Act I, Scene 5; lines 35-37]. â€Å"The serpent that did sting thy father’s life Now wears his crown. [Act 1, Scene 5; lines 39-40]. â€Å"O wicked wit and gifts, that have the power So to seduce! – won to his shameful lust The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen;† [Act 1, Scene 5; lines 45-47]. Nevertheless, the ghost warns Hamlet to leave Queen Gertrude alone, to kill Claudius but not harm her. â€Å"Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive Against thy mother aught; leave her to heaven,† [Act 1, Scene 5; lines 86-87]. In response to the ghost’s news Hamlet does not take action instantly, but instead, records the event in his journal showing a fascinating personality characteristic. Interestingly, there were three major families in the tragedy of Hamlet. These were the family of King Fortinbras, the family of Polonius, and the family of King Hamlet. Fortinbras, King of Norway, was killed by King Hamlet; slain by sword during a man-to-man battle. â€Å"†¦ Lost by his father, with all bonds of law, to our most valiant brother. â€Å"[Act 1, Scene 2; lines 24-25]. This entitled King Hamlet to the land that was possessed by Fortinbras because it was written in a sealed compact. Furthermore, Hamlet is slow to act in regards to killing Claudius but he does act rashly, without thinking. He is presented with numerous opportunities to kill Claudius but does not take those chances, which result in Hamlet being the murderer in the accidental death of Polonius. Polonius was an advisor to the King, and Father to Laertes and Ophelia. He was definitely a prying Father who did not trust his children, and at one point in the play, used his daughter to probe Hamlet. Young Hamlet killed Polonius while he was secretly listening in on a conversation between Hamlet and his Mother. â€Å"How now! A rat? Dead, for a ducat, dead! â€Å"[Act 3, Scene 4; Line 25]. King Hamlet of Denmark killed King Fortinbras, only to be killed by his brother, Claudius. â€Å"†¦ My offence is rank, it smells to high heaven; A brother’s murder†¦ † Each of these events affected the sons of the deceased in the same way. Laertes discovered his Father’s death, and immediately returned home. He confronted King Claudius and accused him of the murder of his Father. Claudius told Laertes that Hamlet was responsible for his Father’s death. Laertes takes action, deciding to scheme and kill Hamlet in order to avenge the death of his Father. In addition, he and Claudius concoct a plot to kill Hamlet. â€Å"I will do’t: And for that purpose I’ll anoint my sword. I bought an unction of a mountebank, So mortal, that but dip a knife in it, Where it draws blood no cataplasm so rare,† [Act 4, Scene 7; Lines 140-144]. Laertes and Claudius follow with a proposal of a duel to Hamlet, which he accepts, even though he senses a foreboding. Hamlet does end up dying of wounds from the poisoned tipped sword Laertes used. â€Å"†¦ Hamlet, thou art slain†¦ the treacherous instrument is in thy, unbated and envenom’d†¦ ‘[Act 5, Scene 2; lines 306-313]. Throughout the play Hamlet proceeds to try and prove his Uncle’s guilt, and then finally kills him while he himself is dying of poisoned wounds inflicted by Laertes during their duel. â€Å"The point envenomed too! Then venom, to thy work†¦ Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane, drink off this potion, is thy union here? Follow my mother. â€Å"[Act 5, Scene 2; lines 314-315, 317-319]. This left the King dead, and his Father’s death avenged, with Gertrude dying shortly beforehand of the poisoned wine she drank as Claudius watched her. â€Å"No, no, the drink, the drink! O my dear Hamlet! –The drink, the drink! I am poison’d! [Act 5, Scene 2; lines 301-303]. The lack of thought used in exacting the revenge led to the deaths of Laertes, Hamlet, Claudius and Gertrude. Laertes planned with Claudius to kill Hamlet with the poisoned tipped sword, but they had not thought that the sword might be used against them. With Laertes believing the Kingâ⠂¬â„¢s accusations that Hamlet had murdered his Father, he fights Hamlet and wounds him once with the poisoned tipped sword. Hamlet proceeds to wound Laertes with the same sword, exacting his death. Hamlet had many chances to kill his Uncle, but his rage outweighed his better judgement; and he chose to wait until he assumed God could see no good in Claudius, and then strike him down into a world of eternal damnation. â€Å"Now might I do it pat, now he is praying†¦ A villain kills my father; and for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. â€Å"[Act 3, Scene 3, lines 74-98]. Hamlet waits until he can kill his Uncle while he is performing a sin but unfortunately for Hamlet, his next chance to exact revenge on Claudius is his own death. Revenge, being the driving force in the play Hamlet, is also one reason why it is a tragedy. Hamlet allows his revenge for his own justice to become his everything, consuming him. It is this rage that eventually drives him to madness and murder. Ironically, Claudius, Laertes, and Hamlet all died of the same sword. Revenge was the core strength behind three of the main characters of the play, ensuing in each of their downfalls. â€Å"If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart, Absent thee from felicity a while, And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain, To tell my story. Act 5, Scene 2; lines 339-342]. The self interest demonstrated by Claudius, Laertes and Hamlet caused destruction in their own lives, which of course affected many lives around them. Driven by retribution, they did not consider the affect their anger would have on themselves or those they loved. â€Å"Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters, Of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause, And, in this upshot, pu rposes mistook Fall’n on the inventors’ heads: all this can I Truly deliver. † [Act 5, Scene 2; lines 375-379]. How to cite Characters in Hamlet and Young Hamlet, Papers

Green chemistry and its applications Example For Students

Green chemistry and its applications Outline1 Recognition2 Introduction to green chemical science:3 Evaluation of methods to plan safer chemicals:4 Evaluation of reaction types:5 Evaluation and design of energy efficient procedures.6 Principles of green chemical science:7 Examples and applications of green chemical science:8 Future tendencies in green chemical science:9 Decision:10 Images Recognition I am grateful to my instructor Mister Harminder singh who had helped me in my work and showed me a way for making it in right manner. Without his suggestions and guidance the term paper would non be as it is. It is deserving adverting here to thank our university that had provided us with a large library, in deficiency of that I was non able to google the informations and include it in my paper. Priyank and Rana had besides helped in seeking and roll uping informations from cyberspace and library. A particular thanks to a friend of mine ravi ranjan who searched books on the topic for me in the library. I will be grateful to my parents besides for their trust, support and love for me. Introduction to green chemical science: Environment is a sphere around us which comprises of some physical and chemical constituents with which we are interacting and are a portion of it. Due to development in scientific discipline ( chemical scientific discipline ) , the usage of chemicals has become a measure ; same is the instance with our environment. The chemical constituents in our environment are increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours of which some can be degraded but most of them are undegradable. This is termed as pollution. The add-on of undegradable substances that causes instability, upset, injury or uncomfortableness to the ecosystem is termed as pollution. Pollution is making a hazard to the environment. Therefore in order to cut down the hazard of pollution a system should be introduced that must cut down the hazard by non altering the consequence but by altering the cause. Thus a construct named green chemical science was introduced. Green Chemistry or environmentally benign chemical science is the design of chemical merchandises and processes that cut down or extinguish the usage and coevals of risky substances. Rather than concentrating merely on those unwanted substances that might be unwittingly produced in a procedure, green chemical science besides includes all substances that are portion of the procedure. Therefore, green chemical science is a tool non merely for minimising the negative impact of those processs aimed at optimising efficiency, although clearly both impact minimisation and procedure optimisation are legitimate and complementary aims of green chemical science. Green chemical science applies to industrial chances organic chemical science, inorganic chemical science, biochemistry, analytical chemical science, and even physical chemical science. Green chemical science works on hazard and hazard factor. That means hazard can be minimized by cut downing jeopardy and so the cost and potency of exposure can be maintained. The ciphering the hazard associated to jeopardies of a substance we use ; Risk= degree Fahrenheit ( exposure X jeopardy ) Jointly, Green chemical science works on: Evaluation of methods to plan safer chemicals: Mechanism of action analysis: Structure activity relationship: Avoidance of toxic functional groups: Minimizing bioavailability: Minimizing subsidiary substances. Evaluation of reaction types: Addition reactions Substitution reactions A ; riddance reactions Evaluation and design of energy efficient procedures. The best manner of waste disposal. Principles of green chemical science: Beyond these green chemical science plants on certain rules for doing environment safe. These 12 rules are Waste Prevention It is better to forestall waste than to handle or clean up waste after it has been created. Atom Economy Man-made methods should be designed to maximise the incorporation of all stuffs used in the procedure into the concluding merchandise. Planing Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses wherever operable, man-made methods should be designed to utilize and bring forth substances that possess small or no toxicity to human wellness and the environment. Planing Safer Chemicals Chemical merchandises should be designed to impact their desired map while minimising their toxicity. Safer Solvents and Aides The usage of subsidiary substances ( e.g. , dissolvers, separation agents, etc. ) should be made unneeded wherever possible and innocuous when used. Design for Energy Efficiency Energy demands of chemical procedures should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. If possible, man-made methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and force per unit area. Use of Renewable and degradable Feedstock A natural stuff or feedstock should be renewable instead than consuming whenever technically and economically operable. Reduce Derived functions Unnecessary derivatization ( usage of barricading groups, protection, deprotection, impermanent alteration of physical/chemical procedures ) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because such stairss require extra reagents and can bring forth waste. Catalysis Catalytic reagents ( every bit selective as possible ) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. Design for Degradation Chemical merchandises should be designed so that at the terminal of their map they break down into innocuous debasement merchandises and do non prevail in the environment. Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention Analytic methodological analysiss need to be farther developed to let for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of risky substances. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention Substances and the signifier of a substance used in a chemical procedure should be chosen to minimise the potency for chemical accidents, including releases, detonations, and fires. Examples and applications of green chemical science: As get downing stuffs: Polysaccharides polymers: polymers are a really of import category of compounds that have wide applications and a broad array of compounds can be exploited. They have their risky effects. In order to utilize get downing stuffs more environmentally we must utilize polyoses as the feedstock. These are biological feedstock, and as such have the advantage of being renewable, as opposed to those feedstock which are the merchandise of crude oil. On the other manus these have no chronic toxicity to human wellness and environment. Commodity chemicals from glucose: glucose is another option for trade good chemicals. Using biotechnological techniques to pull strings the schkimic acid tract ( responsible for doing aromatic compounds ) , compounds such as hydroquinone, catechol, and adipic acid, all of which are of import, can be synthesized. Benzene is the get downing stuff for these substances, by utilizing glucose in topographic point of benzine, can assist in minimising the usage of certain reagents with certain toxicity. The conductivity of synthesis in H2O alternatively of organic dissolvers is more good. Some reactions are: Green chemical reactions: Atom economic system and homogenous contact action: Atom economic system was developed by Trost. The end of this work is to cut down the figure of atoms that are produced as unwanted byproducts. Aldol condensation reactions are illustrations where small or no byproducts are formed. Halide free synthesis of aromatic aminoalkanes: Traditional synthesis of aromatic aminoalkanes involves chlorination of benzine followed by nitration and nucleophilic supplanting of the Cl with a new replacing group. The synthesis of 4-amino-diphenylamine illustrates this procedure. Monsanto has developed a new synthesis of 4-aminodiphenylamine that utilizes nucleophilic permutation for H ( fig.4 ) . The procedure avoids the usage of halogenation intermediates. In this procedure nitrobenzene and aminobenzine are heated in presence of tetramethyl ammonium hydrated oxides to give tetramethyl-ammonium salts of thew condensation merchandises. As green reagents: Green oxidative transmittal composites: many oxidative procedures have negative ecological effects. The metal ion taint can be minimized by utilizing molecular O as the primary oxidizer. Many ligands which are stable towards oxidative decomposition in oxidising environments have been developed. Now, stable high oxidization province passage metal composites can be synthesized. Liquid oxidization reactor: it allows safe oxidization of organic chemicals with pure O. The sum of blowhole gas has been reduced because of usage of O. The usage of can do reaction to happen at low temperature is good. Non phosgene isocynate synthesis: polyurethanes are of import polymers that are widely used for assortment applications. These are by and large prepared with the aid of phosgene. But phosgene is an highly toxic gas whose acute terminal point is deadliness. A method of synthesis is developed in which poly-urethanes and their isocyanate precursors are synthesized without utilizing phosgene. Green dissolver and reaction conditions: Super critical fluids: the usage of carbon dioxide as a replacement for organic dissolvers already represents a tool of waste decrease in chemical industry. Of the broad scope of supercritical C dioxide reactions that have been explored, one category of reaction has shown exceeding promise, it was found that asymmetric catalytic reactions, peculiarly hydrogenation and H transportation reactions, can be carried out in supercritical C dioxide with selectivity compared or superior to those observed in conventional dissolvers. Immobilized dissolvers: With dissolvers being of highly high volume and really wide comprehensiveness of pertinence, their possible for negative impact on human wellness and the environment is really big. Therefore, the immobilisation of such dissolvers helps in decrease of jeopardies. Immobilized dissolvers or solvent molecules tethered to a polymeric anchor follow the same logic as the ionic liquids. By making a system where a known dissolver, e.g. , THF, is tethered decently, it can still keep its solvency but is incapable of attesting any jeopardy by exposing worlds or the environment. These types of dissolvers are expensive and hard to manage. aqueous reaction conditions Irradiative reaction conditions: Green chemical merchandises: Design of alternate nitrites: toxicological construction activity relationships of a compound are explored and man-made alterations that cut down toxicity are found. The mechanism of acute toxicity is proposed to be riddance of H nitrile from cyanohydrins, depending on the nature of the permutation at alpha C place can be slowed or accelerated. Donlar s polyaspartic acids: Polaroid s complexed developers: Industry of drugs: Oligonucleotide drugs: Synthetic oligonucleotides are an emerging category of drug molecules with a wide spectrum of curative application. Presently, our fabrication procedure uses HL-30â„ ¢ , a polystyrene bead support loaded at 90 mmol/g. The HL-30 bead has several restricting features: ( a ) nonbiodegradable, ( B ) nonrenewable ( degree Celsius ) it contributes ~40 % of natural stuff costs, and ( vitamin D ) it is a single-source natural stuff. Therefore, effectual regeneration of spent solid supports and their reuse is done in Oligonucleotide synthesis. The reclaimable solid-support engineering is based on usage of a Q-linkerâ„ ¢ ( hydroquinone diacetic acid ) spacer arm between the 3-end of the first nucleoside and a hydroxyl- functionalized support ( in fig ) . In drumhead, the method allows used support to be rapidly rederivatized with protected nucleoside and reused, without gap and reloading the synthesis column. The solid-support bed may be used up to six times in this mode. In agribusiness: Management of the soybean cyst roundworm by utilizing a biorational scheme: Soybean cyst roundworm infestation continues to be a serious agricultural job. As portion of an interdisciplinary attempt to place a biorational solution to the job, parallels of glycinoeclepin A, a natural hatching stimulation of the roundworm, were prepared and tested. Several of the parallels were discovered to suppress the hatching of soybean cyst roundworm eggs. The eggs are now so protected in the female that it can last for eleven to twelve yearss in dirt. Potential of entomo-pathogenic Fungi as Biological Control agents against the Formosan subterraneous Termite: Control of settlements of pest species of white ant can be achieved by intervention of conidiospore applied straight to the nest, although the clip of riddance may change depending on factors such as the mark species, clip of twelvemonth and settlement energy. Spores will stay active in nests for at least two old ages. The repellency of conidiospore can be used to protect lumber. Spores can be sprayed straight onto sound lumber or into termite-infected lumber to supply protection at least for a period of clip. Conidia are capable of turn outing protection from termite onslaught for lumber in land contact. A dirt barrier created by blending conidiospore of M. anisopliae has given protection to susceptible lumber for up to three old ages under cool, dry conditions in the Canberra part, but merely for less than six months at a site near Darwin in the Torrid Zones. With a trap-a nd-treat system, one of the attacks in come-on engineering, it is possibe to present the conidiospore to a termite settlement. The major factor restricting the efficaciousness of M. anisopliae with the presently available isolates is the behavioural response of healthy white ants to the applied conidiospore, to scrounging white ants conveying conidiospore Future tendencies in green chemical science: Oxidation reagent and contact action: historically, many of the oxidization reagents and accelerators have been comprised of toxic substances such as heavy metals. Since these substances were frequently used in highly big volumes required to change over 1000000s of lbs of petrochemicals, there was a important bequest of these metals being released to the environment and holding significant negative consequence on human wellness and environment. It can be changed by the usage of benign substances. Non covalent derivatization: usage of chemicals is dependent upon formation and breakage of covalent bond. chemical science go oning without bond devising physical, chemical belongingss are modified and public presentation steps are enhanced by use of dynamic complexation which allows for the impermanent formations of modified chemical constructions, the belongingss of molecules can be changed for the period of the necessary to transport out a peculiar map without all of the waste that would be generated if full derivatization is implemented. Supramolecular chemical science: Research is presently ongoing in the country of supramolecular chemical science to develop reactions which can continue in the solid province without the usage of dissolvers. The cycloaddition of trans-1,2-bis ( 4-pyridyl ) ethene is directed by resorcinol in the solid province. This solid-state reaction returns in the presence of UV visible radiation in 100 % output. Biometric multifunctional reagents: while man-made contact action and reagents for the most portion have centered on transporting out one distinct transmutation. The uses may include activation, conformational accommodations, and one or several existent transmutations and derivitizations. Combinatorial green chemical science: it is the chemical science of being able to do big Numberss of chemical compounds quickly on a little graduated table utilizing reaction matrices. The illustration is lead that has a big no of derived functions. This chemical science has enabled big no of substances to be made and their belongingss assessed without the magnitude of the effects of waste disposal. Energy focal point: The environmental consequence of energy use are profound but have non been as seeable and every bit direct as some of the jeopardies that have non been posed by stuffs used in industry, usage and disposal of chemicals. The benefit of contact action is dramatic in photochemistry. There is a demand to plan substances and stuffs that are effectual, efficient and cheap at the gaining control, storage and transit. Proliferation of dissolver less reactions: one of the solvent options that is being: it is one of the solvent options that is being developed in green chemical science is that of dissolver less reaction system. The carrying of fabricating procedure in solvent-less status utilizes some non-traditional conditions. This helps in development of merchandise isolation, separation and purification that will be solvent-less as good in order to maximise the benefits. Some environmental Torahs : Besides the late 1960ss and early 1970ss were times when the environment received a great trade of attending including the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and the jubilation of the first Earth Day, both of which occurred in 1970. In the intervening old ages in surplus of 100 environmental Torahs have been passed. These include the 12 major Torahs listed below. 1970 Clean Air Act. Regulates air emanations. 1972 National Environmental Policy Act. 1972 Clean Water Act. 1972 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide A ; Rodenticide Act. Governs distribution, sale and usage of pesticide merchandises. 1972 Ocean Dumping Act. Regulates the knowing disposal of stuffs into ocean Waterss. 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act. Establishes primary imbibing H2O criterions. 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act. Requires the testing, regulation, and showing of all chemical produced or imported in the U.S. 1976 Resource Conservation A ; Recovery Act. Regulates solid and risky waste signifier cradle to sculpt. 1976 Environmental Research A ; Development Demonstration Act. Authorizes all EPA research plans. 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation A ; Liability Act. 1990 Pollution Prevention Act. Seeks to forestall pollution by promoting companies to cut down the coevals of pollutants through cost-efficient alterations in production, operation, and natural stuff usage. All of these act, trade with pollution after they were formed. These Torahs are in general focused on the intervention or suspension of pollution and have become command and control Torahs. Hazard associated with a toxic chemical is a map of Hazard and Exposure. While these Torahs have accomplished a great trade in footings of bettering work for the coming old ages in pollution bar. Decision: As we design new chemical syntheses and better the industry of GMP oligonucleotides, determinations about whether risky substances will be used, whether toxic stuffs must be handled. Whether risky waste will necessitate particular disposal and the overall environmental issues associated with these procedures must be earnestly considered. Green synthesis protocols for oligonucleotides industry will give less dearly-won drug merchandises when all direct and indirect costs are accounted. Anastas, Paul T. , and Warner, John C. Green Chemistry Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chemistry hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/principles.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pollutionissues.com/Fo-Hi/Green-Chemistry.html hypertext transfer protocol: //pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/bk-2002-0819.ch001? cookieSet=1 hypertext transfer protocol: //docs.google.com/viewer? a=v A ; q=cache: xXuBKyF77ZMJ: old.iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/73010175.pdf+application+of+green+chemistry A ; hl=en A ; gl=in A ; pid=bl A ; srcid=ADGEESieT_o_75l1asWcnwFQ6yvYujOMNHknBXd1Eub6oM3djYF7Au6d57lFL5cJSdzrqC6waS3luEjpv6ke3DwWaAoTplCMnfJrifbQsXkCVMD98eXzGhhFcN3dBNXIY3Ap5ca27DCw A ; Si hypertext transfer protocol: //www.leopold.iastate.edu/research/grants/1994/1990-31_Glycinoeclepin_Soybean_Cyst_Nematode_ % 5B_Biocontrol_IPM_ % 5D.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/laws.htm Images hypertext transfer protocol: //extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2007/issue22/graphic22/bug2.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forestryimages.org/images/768512/0660056.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //blogs.discovery.com/.a/6a00d8341bf67c53ef0120a6a8a4f7970c-500pi hypertext transfer protocol: //www.loe.org/images/070223/termites.gif

Bgp Problems Solutions Essays

Bgp Problems Solutions Essays Bgp Problems Solutions Paper Bgp Problems Solutions Paper Moreover, the design and ubiquity of BGP has frustrated past efforts at securing intermediation routing. This paper considers the vulnerabilities currently existing within intermediation routing and surveys works relating to BGP security. The limitations and advantages of proposed solutions are explored, and the systemic and operational implications of their designs considered. We note that no current solution has yet found an adequate balance between comprehensive security and deployment cost. This work calls not only for the application of ideas described within this paper, but also tort further investigation into the problems and solutions to BGP security. Index Terms authentication, authorization, BGP, border gateway protocol, integrity, intermediation routing, network security, networks, routing l. I INTRODUCTION The Internet is a global, decentralized network comprised of many smaller interconnected networks Networks are largely comprised of end systems, referred to as hosts, and intermediate systems, called routers. Information travels through a network on one of many paths, which are selected through a routing process. Routing protocols communicate respectability information (how to locate Other hosts and routers) and ultimately perform path selection. A network under the administrative control of a single organization is called an autonomous system (AS) The process Of routing Within an AS is called antinomian routing, and routing benzene Asses is called intermediation routing. The dominant interdiction routing protocol on the Internet is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) [21. BGP has been deployed since the centralization of the Internet, and version 4 of the protocol has been in wide use for over a decade. BGP generally works well in practice, and its simplicity and resilience have enabled it to play a fundamental role within the global Internet [3], despite roving no performance or security guarantees. Unfortunately, the limited guarantees provided by BGP sometimes contribute to serious instability and outages. While many routing failures have limited impact and scope, others may lead to significant and widespread damage. One such tailored occurred on 25 April 1 997, when a misconstrued router maintained by a small service provider in Florida injected incorrect routing information into the global Internet and claimed to have optimal connectivity to all Internet destinations. Because such statements were not validated in any way, they were widely accepted. As a August 7, 2008 DRAFT result, most Internet traffic was routed to this small ISP. The traffic overwhelmed the misconstrued and intermediate routers, and effectively crippled the Internet for almost two hours Several similar incidents have taken place in recent years [51, including a major outage caused by Coned (61 and an outage for the popular Youth site ( Youth. Com/) caused by Pakistan Telecoms 171. In addition, spammed (i. E. People sending spam e-mail) sometimes introduce false information into ESP. to enable them to exchange e-mail with mail rivers using unallocated IP addresses that are hard to trace Introducing false information into BGP is also an effective way for an attacker to snoop on traffic en route to a legitimate destination, impersonate a Wee site (e. G. , to perform identity theft), or block access to certain sites [9]. These attacks and misconstructions can Gauge anything from an inconsequential annoyance to a devastating communications failure. For example, critical applications such as online banking, stock trading, and telekinetic run over the Internet. Significant harm may arise if communication is lost at a crucial time. As the number of radical applications on the Internet grows, so will the reliance on the underlying network infrastructure to provide reliable and secure services. Consequently, there is great interest in increasing the security of BGP, as it is essentially the glue that holds the disparate parts of the Internet together. For example, the United States government cites BGP security as part of the national strategy to secure cyberspace [10]. In addition, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has working groups focusing on Routing Protocol Security Requirements [I I] and Secure Intermediation Routing [121 to investigate these security issues and fine practical solutions. BGP security is also a prominent topic at network operator meetings and mailing lists, such as the North American Network Operators Group (MANGO) [13]. Current research on BGP focuses on exposing and resolving both operational and security concerns. Operational concerns relating to BGP, such as scalability, convergence delay (i. E. , the time required for all routers to have a consistent view of the network), routing stability, and performance, have been the subject of much effort. Similarly, much of the contemporary security research has focused on the integrity, confidentiality, authentication, authorization, and validation of BGP messages. These two fields of operational issues and security research are inherently connected. Successes and tailored in each domain are interactive to both communities. This paper explores operational practice, standards activity, and ongoing research in intermediation routing security, exposing the similarities and differences in the proposed approaches to building a more secure Internet infrastructure. The next section provides a brief overview of intermediation routing and BGP. Subsequent sections examine todays security practices and longer-term solutions for secure immoderation routing. II. B ORDER G TIDEWAY P ROTATOR The Internet consists of tens of thousands of Autonomous Systems (Asses) that use the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to exchange information about how to reach blocks of destination IP addresses (called IP prefixes). BGP is an incremental protocol-?a BGP-speaking router sends an announcement message even a new route is available, and a withdrawal message When a route no longer exists. BGP is also a path-vector protocol, where each AS adds its AS number to the beginning of the AS path before advertising the route to the next AS. Each router selects a single best BGP route for each destination prefix and may apply complex policies for selecting a route and deciding August 7, 2008 DRAFT ICANN 12. 0-0. 0/8 202. C. o. On AT 120. 0-0/8 202. 12. 128. 0/18 211. 120. 0. 0/12 SAABS 202. 12. 128. 0/18 ASSESS TALLEST JOPLIN 211. 120. 132. 0/22 SONY 211. 120. 132. 0/22 ASSESS PANIC 210. 0. 0. 07 An example of address delegation from the root (IANA) to regional and national registries. Whether to advertise the route to a neighboring router in another AS, In this section, we present an overview of intermediation routing in the Internet and scribe how most of Bags security problems stem from (i) uncertainty about the relationship between IP prefixes and the AS numbers of the Asses vivo manage them, (ii) the use of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as the underlying transpor t protocol, and (iii) the potential to tamper with route announcements in order to subvert BGP routing policy. A. IP Prefixes and AS Numbers An IP address is a 32-bit number, typically represented in dotted- decimal notation With a separate integer for each Of the four octets. Addresses are assigned to institutions in blocks of contiguous addresses, represented by he first address and a mask length. For example, the prefix 1920. 20/24 contains all addresses where the first three octets are 192, O, and 2-?the 256 addresses 192. 0-2. 0 to 1920. 2255. Allocating addresses in blocks leads to smaller routing tables and fewer route advertisements, as most routers need only know how to direct traffic toward the block of addresses, rather than storing separate routing information for every IP address, Since prefixes have variable length, one IP prefix may be completely contained within another. For example, a router may have routing information for two prefixes 211. 120. 0/12 and where the first prefix completely covers the second one. To decide how to forward a data packet, an IP router identifies the longest prefix that matches the destination IP address. For example, a packet with destination IP address would match 211 , 1 20, 1320/22, since this prefix is more specific than 211. 12000/12. Initially, institutions received address assignments directly from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and later from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). More recently, ICANN began to delegate this responsibility to address registries responsible for efferent parts of the world. For example, the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) manages the IP address assignments for North America, whereas the R ; Essex IP Europe ens (RIPE) assigns much of the address space for Europe, the Middle East, and North e E Africa; the Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (PANIC) assigns IP addresses in Asia and the Pacific Rim, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Address Registry (LACTIC) distributes address space through the Latin August 7, 2008 DRAFT 12. 34-0. 0/16: AS AS 3 AS 4 AS 3 12,34. 0. /16: AS AS 4 AS 2 AS 7 AS 5 AS 2 AS 5 AS 7 12. 4. 0. 0/16: AS 6 12. 34. 0. 0/16: AS AS 1 ASS 12,34. 0. 0/16: AS 1 AS 6 (a) Regular advertisement from AS 6, (b) Malicious advertisement from AS l. Pig. 2. Announcement of prefix originating from the valid AS 6 and from a malicious AS 1. AS 2 and 3 will prefer the malicious advertisement from AS I because the path length will be shorter than the valid advertisements from AS American and Caribbean regions, and the African In ternet Numbers Registry (African) serves the African region. These regional registries can assign IP addresses directly to organizations or other registries, including national strategies and Internet Service Providers that may, in turn, assign smaller portions of the address block to other institutions. Figure 1 shows an example of address delegation. Here, ICANN delegates the large address block 210. 0-0. 0/7 to PANIC, which delegates 21 1. 120. 0. 0/12 to the Japan Network Information Center OPINION), which in turn assigns 211. 120. 132. 0/22 to Sony. Sony can then perform further delegation based on its organizational setup. Autonomous Systems are assigned AS numbers (Sans) in a similar manner, with ICANN serving as the ultimate authority for delegating numbers. AS numbers from 1 to 6451 1 are public and have Internet-wide scope, requiring each number to correspond to a single AS. For example, Sony has been assigned AS number 2527. In contrast, some companies have multiple Asses. For example, AS 701 corresponds to Minuets North American backbone, whereas AS 702 corresponds to Minuets European backbone. Public AS numbers can appear in the AS-path attribute of BGP advertisements, However, many institutions do not need a unique AS number. For example, an Autonomous System may connect to a single upstream network that bears sole responsibility for providing connectivity to the rest of the Internet. The customer AS may be assigned a private AS number in the range 64512-65535 for communicating via BGP faith its provider The providers routers would then advertise the BGP routes on behalf of this customer, without including the private AS number in the path.

Essay on MADD Grassroots Movement to Policy

Essay on MADD Grassroots Movement to Policy Essay on MADD: Grassroots Movement to Policy Essay on MADD: Grassroots Movement to PolicyThere is no doubt that today’s grassroots play a significant role in politics, involving in issue advocacy. Commonly, the grassroots procedures in order to lobby and organize some important political issues include: 1) collecting signatures for petitions; 2) sending various letters; 3) putting up posters; 4) pickets and rallies; 5) different congresses delegations to the senators and congressmen; 6) utilizing different social networks with the purpose of  arranging virtual communities; and 7) emailing campaigns (The Native CDFI Network, 2012).In fact, there are various tools that can help grassroots organizations successfully influence policy. Firstly, grassroots organizations function at the local and national levels, enabling them to harness energy from a wide range of various groups which assists in maintaining their major focus and strengthening their fundamental membership.Undoubtedly, MADD as one of the driving forces in deal ing with societal issues (ODonnell, 2005) has grown over its history from a grassroots movement to a more institutional stakeholder. The fact is that it has grown in its membership over the last years. This helped them to diversify their program, widening their horizons, obtain more respect with the crowds, adhere to different essential goals and purposes, and as a result, get more funding and financial resources.   It is a nonprofit organization that functions at the different levels and aims to reduce underage drinking, provide more comprehensive sanctions with regard to higher-risk drivers, and raise beer excise taxes.Thus, taking the above-mentioned information into consideration, it is possible to draw a conclusion that grassroots movements play a significant role in different aspects of our life, involving in issue advocacy. Grassroots organizations function at the different levels and are driven by a community politics. All in all, MADD has significantly grown over its hist ory that helped them to diversify their programs, get more respect with the crowds, and thus, obtain more funding.

Stock Portfolio Analysis - Coke and Pepsi Term Paper

Stock Portfolio Analysis - Coke and Pepsi - Term Paper Example The annual expected return for Coke is 0.1307, while the annual expected for Pepsi Company is 0.0482. This means that Coke offers an expected higher return for an investor that Pepsi Company. However, the investment that an individual is willing to make is also measured by the risk attached to the investment. The risk that is attached to an investment means the potential variation of actual returns from expected returns, a factor that is measured by the variance and standard deviation of an asset or portfolio. From an analysis of Coke and Pepsi Companies, it is evident that Pepsi has a higher standard deviation and variance, albeit by a small percentage. The standard deviation and variance for Pepsi are 0.048 and 0.0024 respectively, while the standard deviation and variance for Coke are 0.046 and 0.0027 respectively. This means that Pepsi’s stock has a higher deviation from expected return, so an investor who is risk averse would prefer to invest in Coke. The other factor tha t is used to determine the expected return of a stock is the beta, which refers to the relative volatility of the stock to the market. From the analysis, it is evident that Coke has a higher beta of 0.54 compared to Pepsi’s beta of 0.52, which indicates that Coke’s Stock is more volatile in the market. The covariance of two stocks in a market indicates that extent to which the returns for the two investments move in relation to each other. The covariance for Coke and Pepsi is low at 0.002, which means that the stocks co-vary. An investor with an aim of diversifying stock should not invest in the two stocks together. The correlation of stocks refers to the extent to which the prices of the two stocks affect each other, and from the analysis, a correlation of 0.7 indicates that the prices of the two stocks are strongly correlated, since the two stocks are strong competitors. Coke and the Market The annual return for Coke is higher than the annual return displayed by the market, which indicates that Coke is performing better than the market. The annual return for coke stands at 0.1307, while the annual return for the market is -0.009. However, the market has a lower risk than Coke, as can be seen from the standard deviations of the two portfolios. The variance and standard deviations for the two are 0.0027 and 0.0467 respectively for Coke and 0.0030 and 0.0214 respectively for the market. This indicates that Coke has a higher chance of risk than the market, which would be the ideal choice for a risk indifferent investor. The covariance of

Dwight D. Eisenhower Leadership and Management Paper Research

Dwight D. Eisenhower Leadership and Management - Research Paper Example Management is not just confined only to organizations. Even political leaders need to have the knowledge and skills of a good manager in order to be successful in their careers. One leader with such qualities is the 34th president of the United States, Dwight David Eisenhower who exhibited both managerial and leadership qualities. This paper looks at  Eisenhower’s qualities as both of a leader and a manager. Characteristics of a Good Manager A number of factors define a good manager. The ability to have a vision about the future means that a manager is future oriented. A good manager needs to show enthusiasm in his/her work as well as to have the ability to empower and motivate others to work enthusiastically. The decision making process of a manager should be defined by an ability to make quick and informed decisions. Words need to be backed by actions. Managers who talk too much by issuing orders rarely succeed in their careers as workers need to see how they can perform t asks as well. Characteristics of a Good Leader A manager should be a good leader which means that he possesses good leadership skills. A good leader is proactive and thinks about the future. They are flexible in their decisions and actions so they can easily adapt to any change that may arise. A good leader has good communication skills, and respects the subordinates. Confidence in both leading the team and believing in personal decisions is an important quality of a good leader. A good leader shows enthusiasm in work. The interest in the feedback from the subordinates is a concern for efficient leaders, while they exhibit good organizational skills and delegate duties to the subjects (Leatherman, 2008). Leadership and Managerial Qualities of Dwight D. Eisenhower Eisenhower exhibited both leadership and managerial qualities in a number of ways. Having been a leader of the army during and after the First World War, he exhibited good leadership qualities by heading the army in war. At the onset of World War I, he immediately requested for an assignment overseas. This showed how dedicated he was in his job, showing one of the qualities of a good leader. As a hard working military man, he rose over the ranks to become Lieutenant Colonel in the National Army. As Lieutenant, he exhibited good organizational skills. He was able to organize members of the army during the war and draw placement programs of the personnel. His ability to approach members of the lower ranks and deal with them showed his commitment to the staff and his ability to effectively communicate with all the people in the military regardless of their position. His skills as a visionary leader were portrayed when he remained focused on the role of tanks in any war that would follow after the First World War. He showed his high level of commitment to his job patiently rising through the ranks of the military to become General of the Army Air Force. His dedication to work let him succeed in many assig nments such as in the invasion of Sicily. To promote democracy, he accepted the role of the President of Columbia and NATO Supreme Commander. His dream of becoming a president of the United States was supported by many people who felt that he had good leadership qualities suitable for the success of the United States. He chose to continue with Roosevelt’s plan of the New Deal for the United States and, thus, won a second term which

Placement Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Placement Report - Essay Example Marks and Spencer has successfully expanded its market and today it has more than 900 retail outlets all over the world. It is also listed in London Stock Exchange. The company however started facing problems relating to its marketing department. Main theme of Marks & Spencer was to provide high quality and innovative products along with exceptional services but the company has started to fail in achieving these objectives because of the wide expansion in their product portfolio. Due to the expansion in the portfolio the company has lost its main objective slightly and because of this reason, competitors are able to grab the opportunity. However, the quality of service has been one of the hallmarks that have helped the company to survive difficult times and make sure that the company is able to do well than its competitors. This report analyses my personal experience that I have gone through during my employment at Marks and Spencer. The report analyses and evaluates not only my expe rience, but the experience of the overall team with which I was working. The report also highlights the success reasons of the team and the success factors because of which the team was able to accomplish the project appropriately and successfully. The report also presents the scenario and case that Marks and Spencer was facing and how our team helped the company to solve the issue and make sure that the company flourishes. This report also reflects my personal skills that I have developed during the employment period. Moreover, the report also highlights how I have been able to use my marketing concepts and knowledge at the organization that helped Marks and Spencer to achieve its objectives. EVALUATING THE WORK OF THE TEAM Marks and Spencer is a big name in the retail industry of United Kingdom as well as in other European countries. However, the company has been facing different types of issues. Some of the major issues that Marks and Spencer has been facing include: Bad position ing Uncompetitive prices Unavailability of the product in some of the outlets of the company Lack of awareness of the product in the mind of consumers Not focusing on traditional marketing techniques and promotional tools Issues in the Customer services of the company I found the abovementioned issues that have negatively impact the company and its sales over the years. However I was working in the customer services department and therefore the main issues that I have identified in this department include: Proactive customer services Poor presentations Ensuring customer satisfaction level Offering more products to customers or increasing sales per customer As a customer sales representative, I along with my team mates was assigned different tasks to solve the abovementioned issues. Our team was given training in order to improve the customer relationship and build better relations with the customers. Moreover, our team also worked ourselves and formulated different strategies in ord er to improve the reputation of the retail outlet in which I was working. At Marks and Spencer, employees are given some kind of freedom on how to satisfy the customers however they are given a broad outline of how to go

Managerial development and strategies for Tata Steel Group

Managerial development and strategies for Tata Steel Group Introduction Tata communications formally known as VSNL is one of the chief telecom player in the world of communications, the company has a strong position in the world market. Formed 1985, after taking over VSNL in 2002, the company has overtaken many midsized organizations such as Neotel in south Africa , Teleglobe in Canada United telecom in Nepal. Many of the fortune 1000 companies, service provider and the consumers depend upon the network provided by the Tata communication, encompassing one of the most advanced and largest submarine cable networks, a tier 1 IP network, and connectivity to more than 200 countries across 300 PoPs. TATA Communications serves its customers from offices in 80 cities across 40 countries, reflecting the diversity of the customers and markets we live in and serve. TATA Communications Ltd. is part of the $29 billion TATA group; it is listed on the Bombay stock exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India and its ADRs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE:TCL). I chose this company for my leadership assignment because it is a classic example to true leadership where different cultures are involved and the industry is very dynamic in nature . 1 (a) Leadership: The study of leadership is very important and crucial in the field of any organizational behaviour. Leadership is the ability of a superior to influence the behavior of a subordinate or group and persuade them to follow a particular course of action. Chester Bernard. Qualities of an effective leader: Although there is no set of qualities/traits defined for a real leader but still at TATA comm. A leader is defined who has the following characteristics: Takes initiative. High on ambition. have desire to lead. Is self-confident. Poses analytical abilities. Have knowledge of the process, technology and the industry. High creativity level. Flexible in teaching and learning ways. Theories and models defined for leadership in TATA comm.: There are 3 global theories defined and applied in the co. I worked. 1) Personality Trait theory: As per this theory, leaders stand apart from non-leaders in terms of some personality traits which are unique. One of the traditional old age theory under this was Great person theory which said that leaders might not born with the required leadership attributes but it can be acquired gradually by learning and experience. There is one model and theory under this, which explains this trait theory in more detail. This theory is called Theory X and Theory Y. T.McGregor was in an opinion that managers/leaders tend to make certain assumptions about human nature. These assumptions/views were explained in the theory X and theory Y. As per McGregors Theory X of trait theory the managers are those persons who displays control associated and direction with the exercise of authority, where as Theory Y managers normally display facilitation and integration activity. This theory was very impactful in the management world, even today in TATA Comm. managers are referred as X and Y managers. Model: Leadership Continuum and Theory X and Theory Y 2) Behaviour Theories: The behaviour theories explained the aspects related to the behaviors found in the leaders which take them to effective leadership. There are 4 theories under this. Out of this the managerial Grid is the most applicable to TATA comm. The Ohio States studies. Universities of Michigan studies. The Managerial Grid. Scandinavian studies. The Managerial Grid: This model was developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton. This is also called The Leadership Grid which majorly focuses on the parts missed in the early theories. This revolves around production/relationship orientations. The grid is based on the Leaders concern for people (relationships) and production (tasks). As per this the best way to lead and manage people the 9,9 way. The Tri-dimensional Grid: This is one of the approaches of behavioural theories of leadership defined. This talks about 2 main dimensions of the style i.e.: Tasks Orientation: This describes the main effect on the efficiency of the leaders work. Relationship Orientation: This talks about the human relations and the resources in TATA Comm. Change / Effectiveness: This aspect of the theory tells about how effectively the leader can adapt in the changing scenario. 3) Contingency Theories: Also called situational theory. As per this theory the leadership style is not same to all situations. Every leader is expected to analyse the situation and then adapt or apply a style that is best suited for the situation. There are 5 contingency models under this leadership style: Fiedlers contingency model. Hersey and Blanchards situational theory. Leader-member exchange theory. Leadership-participation model. Path goal theory. In TATA Comm.s managerial environment 2 contingency models apply i.e. (a) and (e). Fiedlers contingency model: in this approach a leadership style is apt to the situation as described by the 3 principles below: Leader-member relation: how much is the leader accepted and supported by the group members. Personalities of the leader and subordinates play an important role in this principle. Task Structure: under this it is examined that how the task is structured for the subordinate. To what extent the freedom is given to the group member to accomplish the tasks. Position Power: Its the ability and power of the leader as to how much his power and he himself is accepted in the group. e) Path Goal theory: this theory was coined by Robert House. Under this theory the leader is expected to provide a complete guidelines/coaching to the team members to achieve the objectives of the TATA comm.s goal. The leader defines the goals of the individual and supports them to achieve them in a better an efficient way. Below model describes the entire path goal theory followed at TATA comm. The Path-Goal Model Types of leadership:- Directive leadership Supportive leadership Participative leadership Achievement-oriented leadership Leader effectiveness in influencing subordinates Are matched against To Produce Situational Factors: Æ’Â  Subordinate Characteristics Ability Perceived control of destiny. Æ’Â  Nature of the task Ambiguous Routine Emotional Intelligence: A persons self-awareness, self-confidence, self-control, commitment and integrity, and a persons ability to communicate, influence, initiate change and accept change. (Source: Coleman) Self awareness: A leader needs to do a self assessment in terms of self confidence. Self-regulation: control over self emotions is very necessary for a leader to lead his team. He needs to take responsibility for performance, should be approachable and adaptable to change. Motivation: Self motivated leader is the one who can lead the team and take them to the position where required. Empathy: Its quality of understanding others by being noticed about their feelings, needs and concerns. Social Skills: Handling the situation diplomatically, be an open ear and offer convincing messages, inspire and motivate others to achieve the shared goals. 1 (b) Impact of a range of leadership styles on TATA Comm.s various important functions: The important functions in TATA Comm. are: Product management: This team is responsible introducing new products in the market based on the research done analyzing the completion. The major challenges are faced in terms of pricing the product. A combination of leadership styles fits in this functions is in following ways: The leader here motivates the team by both means i.e. monetary and non-monetary rewards. The outcome of the product team is judged by the revenue generated out of their product. Sales and marketing: This team is responsible for selling the products in the market in the most profitable way. The issue which is faced by this team is the extensive pressure for the numbers. The leaders play an important and crucial role in this function by:- Always being in an energetic style which is contagious to the team. Giving directions to the sales people. Rewarding and recognizing their performance on regular intervals by giving the employee of the month award. Back office for sales: This function is responsible for the entire back office job done after sales. Includes from order login to making reports for performance done by sales team from various regions in the company. The job of this function is very monotonous and thus requires and high level of leadership and motivation. The leaders face a very challenging role in this function. They apply contingency theory to a large extent as to acting differently in differently in different situations. Keep the employees motivated. Keep the employees guided and coshed regularly. CSO (customer service operations): This function is responsible for after service delivery to the customers. They need to function as per the customer issues faced on day to day basis. In telecom industry the main service/product offered are leased lines and voice services. Being so dynamic in nature these services need immediate fix from providers side. Leadership qualities displayed in TATA comm.s CSO function are as below: Path goal theory is used as providing the final goal to be achieved in terms of fixing the circuit for the customer. Team management of the leadership grid 9,9 style impacts by keeping the team in harmony and fixing the circuit or fixing the network laid for the customer. Finance: This function is responsible for all MIS related activities in terms of revenue reporting, fund raising, preparing balance sheet, performance reporting of various LoBs (line of business), etc. Traits theory plays a major role in this function. Leaders find the type x and type y kind of members in the team s defined by the theory X and theory Y. After identifying the types, the leader takes contingency approach to deal to deal with situation and people. 2 (a) Current leadership and managerial requirements at TATA Communications: As leaders and managers at TATA comm. they have a key leadership role in influencing others to achieve success. As an organization and as individuals it is necessary to be able to provide the appropriate balance between leadership and management. The leadership requirements are defined as below: Leaders are required to set and communicate the vision of the organization, department, or group. Leaders need to align the organization to the vision-leaders at TATA Comm. are exceptional who not only create the vision of where they are going but also make sure other see it can help get there. They motivate and inspire others to succeed-they inspire greatness in others. They not only effectively manage change but also are the drivers of change. The Managerial requirements are defined as below: The managers help people cope with everyday- they remove barriers to getting things done and help people solve problems. They need to provide the consistent expectation that need to be achieved and prove stability. They need to monitor work and report on success. They are more of problem solvers and help others focus on the details. They are more tactical- focused on short term planning and everyday business function such as budgeting. Achieving the balance: At TATA Comm. the leadership and management expectations are covered in the following matrix called achieving the balance. All are managers and leaders. They have to focus on the work and focus on the future. It is not one or the other but how they balance their manager hat with that of being a leader. Able to meet todays needs and to predict, respond and often drive the future. Great ideas, energy, innovative. Execution is the challenge. High Leadership Delivers well in stable environment. Slow in adapting to change. In Trouble. Low Low High Management 2 (b): Future requirements of leadership at TATA Comm.: Before we analyze future requirements of leadership I would like to identify some future challenges which are/will be faced in todays generic environment. Information age Changing technology Virtual Organizations Diversity New careers-generation X New psychological contracts Globalization rapid changes in the market places Overtaking of strategies Rapid changes in workplace culture and ways of working Delegation Focusing on Strategic Vs operational activities. Mergers and acquisitions Increasing accountability and regulation The leaders are faced with these challenges on day to day life at work. The leaders need to adapt to these changing conditions both internally and externally. A t TATA Comm. this is done by leaders accepting these changes and adapting different leadership styles to overcome these challenges. For this the conditional leadership style is mostly suited to change roles as per the situation and take the lead. Managers role is generally to stick to the goals set by the leaders to achieve the target and help the team to reach there. They need to cultivate winning relationships with the rest of the functions as well: Boss Other Leaders Boss Peers YOU Peer Peers Team Customer Other teams Your team 3 (a) Proposals for development of leadership: Here i have identified different methods of developing leaders and managers which are followed and implemented in TATA Comm.: Training Courses: At TATA Comm. various trainings are organised round the year to develop and enhance the leadership and managerial qualities in the employees. These training are generally related to enhancing leadership skills. These are organised by the external trainers who are professional in this field. Coaching: Great leaders as coaches, encourage employees to take risk and let them make mistakes and learn from them. They get the most out of every employee and recognise the difference between adding workload and offer growth opportunities. At TATA Comm. the following model is used to decide whom to coach and how much time to devote: Coaching for values and results model Employee B Employee A High Results Employee D Employee C Low Low High Values Mentoring: Mentoring is done on one to one basis in TATA Comm. by the respective managers who play a leaders role at this time. Companies own universities: TATA Comm. have their in-house training centre called as TMTC (TATA management and training centre). This is separate entity in TATA group responsible for various training and development programs for TATA employees. Time management and delegation: Mangers do a proper time management and delegation of work to the subordinate employees as they grow in their leadership ladder. They do take care of the transition traps. 3 (b,c). The methods used and described above result in the 3 main/core expectations from leaders at TATA Comm.: Leading the business Leading the results. Leading the People. Leadership of results: Drive for results: High energy professionals who play to win. Institutionalize stretch as a way of life. Laser sharp focus on execution. Constantly evolves and applies appropriates benchmarks and dashboard to calibrate results. Customer Focus: Lives customer centricity in judgement and behavior. Collaborates with customers to add value. Strives to achieve leadership for TCL in its targeted segments by developing compelling and sustainable value propositions. Timely decision making: Demonstrates the ability to ensure that decision making is clear, timely and taken at the appropriate level. Innovation management: Demonstrates ingenuity and creativity. Champions and steers business innovations. Leadership of Business: Managing Vision and purpose: Displays the ability to think through the future creating a vision factoring in opportunities and threats in terms of technology, competitors, regulations, suppliers, partners and customer buying behaviour. Ability to effectively communicate and get shared ownership on the vision to motivate stakeholders. Dealing with ambiguity: Is able to juggle multiple conflicting priorities. Is comfortable living, leading and managing in an environment of constant and rapid change. Communicates effectively to address ambiguity. Strategic capability: Capability to identify opportunities globally with internal and external constituents. Is able to align short term with long term strategy. Plans contingencies. Factors in CSR appropriately. Business Acumen: Displays financial acumen and bottom line centricity. Ability to steer business proactively anticipating market developments. Optimizes resources and creates sustainable value. Leadership of people: Interpersonal effectiveness: Ability to work vertically, horizontally and diagonally. Fosters a network of collaborators. Ability to factor in ones own work style while working with others. Is able to inspire and manage knowledge workers. Building effective teams: Is effective in a cross cultural and multi functional environment. Enables and empowers others by creating context and an environment of shared ownership of vision. Displays ability to zoom in and out at need. Inspires performance People Development: Grows and develops others. Stimulates and supports a learning culture. Reviews organizational capability and fosters talent. Build future capability. Withstanding pressure: Handles demands of operational conflict and complex systems. Is able to optimize stretch with work life balance and human element at the work place. Uses motivational techniques to deliver enhanced performance.

Political Cartoon Essay -- American History, Working Class

America has gone through different economical phases, especially when one of the big issues is the working class and the conditions that the working class faced. The most rigorous and grueling conditions were brought about in the era of 1870-1920. At this time the make up to the working class shifted drastically, the work expectation was not possible, and the working conditions were horrendous. The world of the ‘working class’ thus changed drastically. In the 1870’s, there was a flood of immigrants coming into the country. They had no skills, spoke broken English (if any), and were willing to work for virtually no pay. These immigrants began to make up the â€Å"new† working class, (Hollitz, 105). The work that these men did was not easy and by no means was it safe. Occupations varied from laborers to brakemen to coal miners to iron and steel workers, (Hollitz, 28-34). By the 1920’s jobs had become more specialized. In order to get hired, one needed to be a skilled worker with experience and an apprenticeship under their belt, (Bell, 30). Beginning in 1906, women began to take the work world by storm (Wright, 114). People began building allow women to go to work, rather than worrying about keeping the enormous houses clean (Wright, 115). Within thirty years, the average pay rose from ten cents an hour for hard labor on the railroads to fifteen cents an hour for a boy to work in a glass factory, (Bell, 224). Th e changes that happened in fifty years completely revolutionized the archetype of a working class family. In 1870, a working class family was poor and could barely afford to feed themselves. By 1920, the working class family could afford a decent sized house, a car, and to spoil themselves every once in a while. The working ... ... working class by getting involved in a war. Gompers recognized that there was unrest in the working class. There were problems with work hours, safety, and benefits. He believed the government was trying to cover up complaints by starting something bigger, so that the complaints were not the most important things on the hypothetical table. While Gompers did not completely understand the particulars of the war he did understand the main idea. He tried to scare the listeners by saying Chinese immigrants were going to come into our culture and take over. He compared immigrants to slaves saying, they would work for virtually no money. Therefore, bringing the wage rate down and making jobs harder to find. Samuel Gompers conveyed passion and spoke with confidence. He made people believe what he was saying, and scared them into wanting to take action against the war.

Drivers of Foreign Policy

Since the peaceful coup that brought the current emir of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, to power in 1995, Qatar has entered into an increasingly expanding foreign policy, which has greatly increased the country's regional and international standing. The main feature of Qatar's foreign policy is its role as mediator and negotiator in a number of conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, for example in Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Iraq, Israel and the occupied territories, Lebanon, Sudan and Yemen. In each case, Qatar prided itself on engaging with warring factions to push for political settlements or rapprochement, as well as providing humanitarian assistance. The decisions governing Qatar's participation in such conflicts are very central. The main decision-makers are the Emir, His Highness Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani, Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Sheikh Hamad Bin Jassim Al-Thani. Restricting much of the decision-making of this small circle has quickly led to foreign (and local) policy decisions, allowing Qatar to respond quickly to emerging conflicts with mediation offers. While it can be said that drawing a picture of the country as a benefactor is a public diplomatic move by Qatar – since neutrality facilitates the consolidation of credibility among multiple audiences – there are deeper motives behind Qatar's expansionist approach to mediating the conflict by expanding its foreign policy. The first motive is to maintain its security and stability. Qatar is located in the Arabian Peninsula, an area full of political and military rivalries. By increasing its international standing, Qatar aims to protect itself from the dangers of non-disclosure of small and vulnerable states 5 – risks of the type suffered by Kuwait in 1990. 6 In addition, by engaging in mediation between conflicting factions such as Houthis and the Yemeni government. Or between Hezbollah and its allies on the one hand and the March 14 bloc on the other, Qatar can be seen as trying to contain those conflicts and prevent their spread closer to home. This inevitability becomes more acute when one considers the role Iran plays in those conflicts and in the Gulf in particular. Iran is the main backer of Hezbollah and has established links with the Huthis in Yemen and a number of Shiite movements in the Gulf. Qatar also shares the largest oil field in the world with Iran, and is fully aware of Iran's expansionist foreign policy objectives in the region. By trying to mediate between non-Iranian actors and their rivals, Qatar is trying to counter Iranian influence in the Middle East in general, and more specifically in the Gulf, while maintaining friendly relations with Iran. Thus, in addition to general security concerns, Iran's role in the region can be seen as a clear driver behind Qatar's mediation of the Middle East conflict. The third motive for Qatari mediation is the desire to expand its influence as a regional player, especially in the face of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has traditionally played a leading role in conflicts throughout the region, for example during the Lebanese civil war. However, in recent years Saudi mediation has been spoiled for perceived neutrality, making the Kingdom an active player rather than a neutral intermediary. The close relationship between Saudi Arabia and the March 14 political bloc in Lebanon, led by Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri, is an example. Qatar therefore viewed a vacuum in the Arab international relations it was trying to bridge. Its involvement in conflicts across the Middle East and beyond is an effort to present itself as a vital alternative to Saudi Arabia and a potential new leader in the Middle East. This role was further enhanced by Qatar's membership of the United Nations Security Council in 2006-2007, during which the Emirate increased its regional mediation and assistance activities. However, Qatar was keen not to exceed the limits of its relationship with Saudi Arabia. Despite Qatar's view of Saudi Arabia's low influence in the Middle East (in addition to the growing Iranian influence, which adds to the urgent need for regional Arab leadership), the country remains cautious not to conflict with the kingdom's domestic and foreign policies. Thus, when the Bahraini uprising began in 2011, Qatar supported the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – led by Saudi Arabia – mission to quell the insurgency. 7 When the Yemeni uprising, which began in the same year, gained momentum, Qatar also supported the GCC initiative it managed. The path of transition in Yemen, leading to a negotiated transition instead of overthrowing the regime of Ali Abdullah Saleh. Although Qatar's relationship with Saudi Arabia over the years has been turbulent, it has finally reached a rapprochement in 2008 and has continued to become more entrenched, driven by Qatari realism and the Emirate's awareness of the limits of its influence in the Gulf. Saudi Arabia is the dominant political power in the Arabian Peninsula, where Qatar has not yet had the opportunity or the ability to play the first major role. Both countries share concerns about the instability and political transition that are reaching their territory, which leads them to cooperate more than confrontation.