Corporate Social Responsibility College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Social Responsibility College - Essay Example (Marrewijk 2003 p 95). The European Commission (2001) defines CSR so that it incorporates social, environmental and economical aspects: CSR is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis." (European Commission 2001) Companies like UPS, FedEx, DHL and a large number of other multinational and smaller organisations are beginning to, or indeed already have taken the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) very seriously. The logistics and transportation sector plays a positive role in the economic development of societies, spreading opportunity and acting as a backbone for global development and communication, as well as contributing to communities. However, this sector also faces some strong emerging challenges to its perceived social responsibilities. The core business of this industry's direct relation with major sustainability issues such as environmental impact, traffic congestion, energy waste, safety and security, and sustainable infrastructure, puts logistics firms under the careful inspection of various stakeholders. There is a group of consumers who consider CSR in their purchasing decisions (Mohr Webb Harris 2001 p 45). 0ver the past few years, socially responsible consumers have been studied in relation to boycott behaviour (e.g. Klein 2003 p10 ) and cause related marketing (e.g. Polonsky 2001 p8) and it has been found that "negative CSR associations can have a detrimental effect on overall product evaluations, whereas positive CSR associations can enhance product evaluations" (Brown and Dacin 1997, p. 80). Recent surveys in Europe, the U.S. and Australia also suggest consumers do consider CSR policies in their purchasing decisions. The majority of surveyed consumers say they would pay more for goods and services marketed by socially responsible companies. (MORI 2001; Lloyd 2003 p58). Furthermore, as Kotler (1972) predicted, socially responsible consumer behaviour is growing . UPS UPS is one of the most active corporations in logistics sector on CSR issues. They are the biggest of 8 logistic companies in the world with a full triple bottom line report which is aligned with GRI; both sustainability and CSR are mentioned in their annual report for the last 3 years. The UPS website states that sustainability is in the heart of their business strategy. All CSR programs and initiatives are seen as business-as-usual in a well-managed company. Both the Chairman's statement and company mission statement explicitly states the importance of being a good corporate citizen. The Annual report includes a section called "Our Sustainability Statement". UPS has consistently ranked among the most admired companies in the country. They have reinforced the reputation of dependability and reliability by being conservative financially, being good corporate citizens and emphasizing social responsibility in the community. UPS is a tough competitive company but they understand the responsibility of a market leader. UPS policy promotes initiatives with the United Way, developing sustainability, increasing diversity, and limiting

Factors Contributing to the Growth of Enterprise and Small Business Essay Example for Free

Factors Contributing to the Growth of Enterprise and Small Business Essay For example: In USA small businesses represents 99. 7% of all employers, it represents 26% of America’s exports and they create 80% new jobs each year. Growth and success of a business can be measured on many different variables which also includes annual turnover, profit and employment growth. As in other businesses small businesses have been helped by factors which had contributed to its growth. Growth in small businesses has been aided by policy measures by the government which has supported these small businesses, the macro-economic factors, industry factors and firm-specific factors. Having the intention, the ability to setup and grow, getting the right opportunity, easy access to finance, favorable rules and regulations and market conditions which are aimed at small businesses have also led to the growth of these businesses. People are motivated to start their own business where they have greater control of the business, can stay independent , can manage the business in their own way, the financial freedom, the potential income they can earn as their aims are to reach the top of the table, the amount of financial gains they achieve and the joy of winning which is driving factors for the entrepreneurs as it helps satisfy their achievement instincts. Everybody wants to be their own boss and this is also one of the factors for starting up your own business. Lucy Martin, author of â€Å"Make it your Business† said â€Å"Whatever your situation, there is likely to be a combination of ‘push’ factors (propelling you out of current jobs and situations) and ‘pull’ factors (which attract you to self employment)†. Countries with low income or in developing countries more small businesses are being setup because of the push factor as there is a high number of unemployment and people are forced to start-up their own business. In high income countries or developed countries small businesses are increasing due to the pull factor as more and ore people are interested in setting up their own business go become independent. [pic] Sometimes businesses fail or people get frustrated and it is at this time that they need to remind themselves what motivated them to start their own business and this motivation and dedication has led to their growth and success. According to Schumpeter entrepreneur is an innovator as h e/she brings about a change and introduces new technological processes or products and brings in new ideas which are necessary for a business to grow. He also said that only certain people have the ability to become an entrepreneur and to perform extraordinary tasks. Small businesses are the ones that tend to grow faster than large businesses. They indicate higher number of employment growth. Small businesses accounts for more than 50% of the employers in European Economies. France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Germany and UK are the leading economies of the European Union where small Businesses have been thriving for the past two decades and where small businesses accounts for more than 50% of the total employment. In Greece small businesses accounts for as much as 86% of the number of people employed. In 1998, a charter for small business was adopted by European Council which has helped in the huge number of growth in small businesses. Banks are the main source of lending for small businesses and they depend a lot on them for support and cooperation. HSBC was one of the banks which started recognizing small businesses as one of main force in the economy. In UK small business employ about 12 million people so as to recognize and reward these small businesses HSBC launched an award in 1997 Known as â€Å"HSBC small business of the year Award†. HSBC started a new loan program called â€Å"SMALL BUSINESS LOAN† which was quick and easy to arrange loan facility for long term use and had many key benefits. Customers can choose to make their first repayment either one month after taking the borrowing or defer the first repayment until three months after drawing down the loan, Customers had the flexibility to choose the repayment period which was between 12 months and 10 years, the interest rate and repayments will be fixed for the life of the loan. HSBC recently launched a $5 billion working capital fund to ensure small businesses had access to credit during the current economic crisis. In 2008 alone more than 32,000 small businesses have switched to HSBC because of higher lending fees and banks reluctant to extend loans. Growth of small businesses depends on the type of business they are doing, location of the business (a retail shop should be better placed in the residential area) and most importantly the ownership of the business. Governments in some countries (UAE, Saudi Arabia) have gone as far as allocating lands to small business owners; small businesses are encouraged to setup as the government provides 5 years of tax free operation to businesses with potential growth and they provide financial assistance with low interest rates as well as assign a team to monitor the growth of the businesses. Rental and electricity charges are lower for small firms and the government is also getting small construction businesses to get involved in the construction industry by giving them subcontracts for some of the projects. In UK the government started a programme called â€Å"The Business Support Simplification Programme (BSSP)† which aims to make it easier for small companies and entrepreneurs to understand and access government funded grants, subsidies and advice with which to start and grow their businesses. Small Businesses were given incentives and taxes were lowered so as to help them setup. Setting up of this programme had a huge influence on the growth of small Businesses. In March 2008 the Government launched the Enterprise Strategy. The Strategy’s vision is to make the UK the most enterprising economy in the world and the best place to start and grow a business. It was designed to unbolt the entrepreneurship talents in UK, provide a boost to enterprise knowledge and skills, support new and existing small business getting access to funding for start-up and growth and decrease the burden of regulations in place particularly for small firms. The government wants a culture of enterprise and business innovation which will have a great effect on the economic growth. This new strategy has strengthened the Government upport to small businesses and has allowed SME’s to set up more easily and with a proper regulatory body monitoring the growth. Small Businesses are flexible, more focused, specialized and creative and these are some of the reasons why there is an increase in the number of small businesses . Flexibility is what drives some people to start their own business. For example: (if a person is exper t in any subject, field or have some extraordinary skills he/she can work as a consultant where the work timings are set by him/her self and the amount of time spent also). Growth in business demands creativity. It is what will separate you from the competition. A business had to be different as this is the best way to create awareness. Being different and greater creativity are also the factors which has influenced the growth of small businesses. Being innovative and inventing new things is also a factor which drives people to start their own business. People would have some different business idea of doing something in a different way and this leads to creativity and innovation. Small businesses are easy to setup as the cost of starting up is not very high. Government supports the setup of small business because they want to break the monopoly in the market and there will be a decrease in the number of unemployed as more and more people will become self-employed. Lower opportunity cost also attracts people towards entrepreneurship. Economies with high unemployment can be pushed towards entrepreneurship. Examples are Brazil and India. Some people would like to pursue a particular desire or hobby so they enter in to entrepreneurship, it can be leisure driven and it gives flexibility to the owner as there can be work-life balance. More and more specialized people are starting their own business in the field they specialize as they can deliver better services and products. Specializing in a particular product or service gives you the upper hand in the market you are in as you will have the skills and knowledge of the product you are manufacturing or selling. Specialization has also led professional people or extra ordinary skilled people in to starting up their own business. Gaining inspiration from famous entrepreneurs have also led to the factor that people are ready to start up their own business thinking one day they might be like Donald Trump, Hugh Heffner or Richard Branson. Becoming famous and wanting to be recognized in the world is also a strong feeling which had pulled people towards entrepreneurship as there is a strong desire attached with it to pursue their perceived goals. Gaining fame and recognition is one of the strong factors which have led people to start their own business. In general, I conclude by saying that small businesses have been growing because they thrive for independence and the owners usually have a feel good factor while running their own business. It gives them a chance to show the level of creativity in them as they won’t be able to do so while working in other companies. Small Businesses are the key to innovation and without their support the economy would fail drastically. Growth of Small Businesses can be affected due to the current economic crisis but government and banks should support and back small businesses to survive this crisis. Banks like HSBC are already committed to supporting small businesses in this economic crisis and as more and more people getting unemployed governments should give incentives and grants and promote the setup of new businesses and provide assistance and advice on main issues surrounding the small businesses. Small Businesses are not always successful but having proper business idea and creative mind plus knowledge of market will help the entrepreneurs in getting their business on the right track. As SCHUMPTER proposed that it was the exceptional creative drive of independent entrepreneurs that led to the introduction of radical new products and the creation of new industries. This radical drive to invent, innovate and create something which is new to everyone has been one of the major factors in the growth of Small and medium sized businesses (SME’s).

Empowering Women Entrepreneurs To Drive Growth

Empowering Women Entrepreneurs To Drive Growth The term Entrepreneur covers individuals who have vision and skill and are capable of converting vision in to action for the good of the society. Due to changes in demand in the Market, there is a scope for a class of people on large-scale who can convert the available resources into good of society, called Entrepreneurs. So, a person who possess skill, initiative and innovative ideas for high achievements in business, and important qualities of an Entrepreneurship is taking the risk and making the necessary investments under the conditions of uncertainty. Entrepreneurship is a process of understanding opportunities in the environment, with respect to one`s own abilities, with a view to create wealth for oneself through a legal entity. A close relationship exists between opportunity and individual needs. To be an Entrepreneurial opportunity, a prospect must meet two tests: it must represent a desirable future state, involving growth or at least change and the individual must believe it is possible to reach that state. So, Entrepreneurship is understood by, being innovative, risk taking, dynamic, flexible, growth-oriented, creative, starting and operating new ventures. Now is the time for Women to venture into the Entrepreneurial world. Women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women have gradually been changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in the society. Skill, Knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women to emerge into business ventures. Women Entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of contributing values in both family and social life. With the advent of media, women are aware of their own traits, indulged in every line of business from pappad to power cables. The challenges and opportunities provided to the women are women of digital era are growing rapidly that the job seekers are turning into job creators. They are flouris hing as designers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of economic participation. In India although women constitute the majority of the total population, the entrepreneurial world is still a male dominated one. Women in advanced nations are recognised and are more prominent in the business world. 2010 was the first time ever there were more women in the work force than men. In terms of women-owned businesses, between 1997 and 2011 there was a 50% increase, while male owned business only grew 25% (According to American Express Report). Why Women make excellent Entrepreneurs in the Digital Age? How Women are dominating the entrepreneurs landscape and are using their skills to succeed. As times are tough for everyone, more families are moving towards dual-income households. Also technology advancements are making a virtual workplace attainable for women, who are looking to balance family and their career. In the digital landscape, women tend to possess certain skills that create a competitive advantage. Strong Communication Skills Social Intelligence. Good Listeners. Collaborative. Prefer Lower Risk. A dynamic Entrepreneurship sector is one of the various factors for prosperity of economy which is necessary to leverage the wealth and innovation capacity of the developed countries. This conceptual paper indicates and emphasizes the Women Entrepreneurs as the potentially emerging human resources in the 21st century to overcome the economic challenges in global perspective. Key Words: Entrepreneur: Individual holding vision for creating opportunity for economic growth. Challenges: Impediments on the way towards achievement of final goal. Opportunities: Chances for developing professionally or personally. Methodology: This is a concept paper and the researcher has adopted the method of reviewing different research articles, research journals and case studies to collect data about entrepreneurship and women entrepreneurship which is consequently incorporated as a concept paper drafted by the researcher. ******* INTRODUCTION TO ENTREPRENEUR/ENTREPRENEURSHIP: Entrepreneurship is often associated with a person who starts his own, new and small business, like manufacturing, transport, trade and all other self-employed vocations in the service sector. But not every new small business is Entrepreneurial or represents Entrepreneurship. In the early 1th century, the Frenchmen, who organised and led military expeditions were offered to ad Entrepreneur. Around 1700 A.D. the term was used for architects and contractors of public work. The term Entrepreneur was applied to business initially in the 18th century by the French Economist, Cantillon, who was designated as a dealer who purchases the means of production for combining them into marketable products. Another Frenchman, J.B. Say expanded Cantillon`s idea and conceptualized the Entrepreneur as a organizer of business firm, central to its distributive and productive functions. According to J.B Say, An Entrepreneur is the economic agent who unites all means of production, the labour force of the one and the capital or land of the others and who finds in the value of the produces which results from their employment, the reconstitution of the entire capital that he utilizes and the value of wages the interest and the rent which he pays as well as profits belonging to himself. According to current thinking, Entrepreneurship is the ability of a person who detects and evaluates a new situation in his environment and directs the making of such adjustment in the economic system as he deems necessary. The term Entrepreneur covers individuals who have vision and skill and are capable of converting vision in to action for the good of the society. Due to changes in demand in the market there is a scope for a class of people on large-scale who can convert the available resources into good of society, called Entrepreneurs. During the above process, the Entrepreneur nee ds to discharge several functions to succeed in his activities like, innovation, risk bearing, decision making, planning, controlling..etc. and should possess entrepreneurial skills like technical skills, managerial skills and personal skills. In India, the Entrepreneurial development programmes are taking place to develop entrepreneurs, like, sharpening individual behaviour and traits, guidance on project planning and development of business opportunities that come in the way, and developing managerial and operational capabilities. These activities are very important in the economic growth of the country. Since, the small-scale Industries are forming a major part of the economic growth of the country, the importance of the Entrepreneur is gaining momentum and they are the need of the hour to have a rapid economic growth. Entrepreneurship is not just confined to any one gender now rather due to multi-faceted economic pressures women have turned up and realized that the survival of their families their own potential lies only in working side by side with men. Marlow, (2002). Education of woman have no doubt given them immense confidence encouragement to serve discover new business avenues. However the ground realities do differ to a great extent as far as geographical boundaries are concerned. Globally women are considered as weaker gender physically and emotionally, therefore prospects open for them to develop into business professionals is an area still quite unexplored and needs attention. Wennekers, (1999). Overcoming the challenges of business world are no doubt more treacherous for women than their male counterparts, therefore they undergo various impediments to achieve their business success. Allen and truman, (1993). Fortunately due to technological advancement means of communication the world has turned into a global community which has created new channels opened up avenues for women to explore not only their potential aptitudes rather search for better business opportunities. Carter, (2001). ENTREPRENUERSHIP FOR WOMEN: A question arises here that what Entrepreneurship means for a woman? How a women conceives the idea of Entrepreneurship? Definition: An enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of capital and giving at least 51% of employment generated in the enterprise to women. Women who think of a business enterprise, initiate it, organize and combine the factors of production, operate the enterprise and undertake risk and handle economic uncertainty involved in running a business enterprise. Why do Women Take-up Employment? Push Factors Death of bread winner Sudden fall in family income Permanent inadequacy in income of the family Pull Factors Women`s desire to evaluate their talent To utilize their free time or education Need and perception of Women`s Liberation, Equity etc. To gain recognition, importance and social status. To get economic independence Third category Illiterate women Financially week Involved in family business such as Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Fisheries, Agro Forestry, Handloom, Power loom etc. INDIAN SCENARIO: The Indian woman play very many roles, pure, supreme or virtues to vice or downtrodden. Constantly, the role is also undergoing several changes. While playing their role, Indian Women are confronted with contradictions. Because of these contradictions, they are unable to identify themselves with the society. The attitude, perceptions, roles..etc of Indian Women look like an assembly of diverse fragments. This perplexed situation of Indian women has made it very difficult to define their roles and they cannot identify their roles for themselves. Because of this plain truth assuming the role of entrepreneur and leadership for an Indian Women was a difficult task. But still times have changed. The present society is freeing the Indian Women from the chains and shackles of centuries. This is slow but definitely shift over is happening for the following reasons: The concept of Globalization is accepted in a big way. The sudden emerging trend in information technology and its percolation to every segment of life. Adoption of diversified culture in the Indian society due to globalization and other inherent ethos of Indian society. Unexpected happenings around the world and their impact on Indian society. Change in socio-cultural context due to increased education for women since independence. Change in political ideology and governance of the country. But, In India, the role of Women Entrepreneur is no less significant. Nearly 9% of total Entrepreneurs in small industries are women entrepreneurs. State-wise distribution shows a wide variation between different states. Punjab accounts for 3%, Gujarat occupies the top position with 15%. The areas chosen by women are retail trade, restaurants, hotels, education, cultural, cleaning, insurance and manufacturing. GROWTH PATH: Women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women have gradually been changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in the society. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women to emerge into business ventures. Women Entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of contributing values in both family and social life. With the advent of media, women are aware of their own traits, rights and also the work situations. The glass ceilings are shattered and women are found indulged in every line of business from pappad to power cables. The challenges and opportunities provided to the women of digital era are growing rapidly that the job seekers are turning into job creators. They are flourishing as designers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of economic participation. In India, although women constitute the majority of the total population, the entrepreneurial world is still a male dominated one. Women in advanced nations are recognized and are more prominent in the business world. In nineteen seventies, Women entrepreneurship began in is real sense. By this time, the first generation after Independence had completed their education. Educated women to fulfil their aspirations and ambitions began opting for self-employment. This was an active step not taken out of compulsions or helplessness, but with zeal to make a better life. In this decade, women were in transition period. They could not come out fully from traditional activities of looking after home, their in-laws, parents, husbands and children. A t the same time they has to get into autonomous economic activities. This was a challenge. Eighties and Nineties saw a sea change in women entrepreneurship domain. These were the decades of the breakthrough for women to become entrepreneurs in many fields. They developed courage to make new beginnings. Parents also developed a new thinking. The traditional practice of making only progeny as a business partner in family owned businesses, (law of Inheritance supporting this), parents started their own consultancy houses, providing different types of technical services. Parents started taking their female children as partners in their businesses. Government also supported this new thinking by making amendments to Succession Act. Legislations said that both male and female have equal rights in the inherited property. This coupled with professional education made young ladies to get into self employment. Many became partners in their family owned business. Good number of lady doctors opened their own clinics. Engineering graduated started their own consultancy houses, providing different types of technical services. They also got into service areas like CA, Advocates, Hospitality business and good number opened secretarial offices. Good percentage of women took to small business activities. Today we can see many women entrepreneurs in small business. In earlier Five year plans, women entrepreneurship concept was not significantly considered. Only in recent plans, particularly after Eight Five Year Plan, Women Empowerment concept came to lime light. From this plan onwards, women started working on new frontiers. The new generation of women did not think on the lines of their mothers. They stated developing independent activities. They had aspirations and ambitions. Taking to self-employment was not out of compulsion or helplessness. It became a desired choice of many ladies to design and develop their own enterprise. Women started thinking that self-employment as an integral aspect of their life. They started thinking on the lines selecting their own careers. Adopting own occupation for income generation without deviating much from the social system is becoming a key factor in a woman`s life. Besides having home and children, women have started thinking to have an independent occupation. While accepting the traditional people behaviour, from older generation, women today expect understanding and support from their husbands and children to have their occupational choice. As entrepreneurs, women want their voice to be heard as leaders, as they are capable of contributing to the growth and success of their enterprise. But the Indian women entrepreneurs are facing some major constraints like a) Lack of confidence: In general, women lack confidence in their strength and competence. The family members and the society are reluctant to stand beside their entrepreneurial growth. To a certain extent, this situation is changing among Indian women and yet to face a tremendous change to increase the rate of growth in entrepreneurship. b) Socio-cultural barriers: Womens family and personal obligations are sometimes a great barrier for succeeding in business career. Only few women are able to manage both home and business efficiently, devoting enough time to perform all their responsibilities in priority. c) Market-oriented risks: Stiff competition in the market and lack of mobility of women make the dependence of women entrepreneurs on middleman indispensable. Many business women find it difficult to capture the market and make their products popular. They are not fully aware of the changing market conditions and hence can effectively utilize the services of media and internet. d) Motivational factors: Self motivation can be realized through a mind set for a successful business, attitude to take up risk and behaviour towards the business society by shouldering the social responsibilities. Other factors are family support, Government policies, financial assistance from public and private institutions and also the environment suitable for women to establish business units. e) Knowledge in Business Administration: Women must be educated and trained constantly to acquire the skills and knowledge in all the functional areas of business management. This can facilitate women to excel in decision making process and develop a good business network. f) Awareness about the financial assistance: Various institutions in the financial sector extend their maximum support in the form of incentives, loans, schemes etc. Even then every woman entrepreneur may not be aware of all the assistance provided by the institutions. So the sincere efforts taken towards women entrepreneurs may not reach the entrepreneurs in rural and backward areas. g) Exposed to the training programs: Training programs and workshops for every type of entrepreneur is available through the social and welfare associations, based on duration, skill and the purpose of the training program. Such programs are really useful to new, rural and young entrepreneurs who want to set up a small and medium scale unit on their own. h) Identifying the available resources: Women are hesitant to find out the access to cater their needs in the financial and marketing areas. In spite of the mushrooming growth of associations, institutions, and the schemes from the government side, women are not enterprising and dynamic to optimize the resources in the form of reserves, assets mankind or business volunteers. Highly educated, technically sound and professionally qualified women should be encouraged for managing their own business, rather than dependent on wage employment outlets. The unexplored talents of young women can be identified, trained and used for various types of industries to increase the productivity in the industrial sector. A desirable environment is necessary for every woman to inculcate entrepreneurial values and involve greatly in business dealings. The additional business opportunities that are recently approaching for women entrepreneurs are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Eco-friendly technology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bio-technology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ IT enabled enterprises à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Event Management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tourism industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Telecommunication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Plastic materials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Vermin-culture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mineral water à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sericulture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Floriculture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Herbal health care à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Food, fruits vegetable processing Empowering women entrepreneurs is essential for achieving the goals of sustainable development and the bottlenecks hindering their growth must be eradicated to entitle full participation in the business. Apart from training programs, Newsletters, mentoring, trade fairs and exhibitions also can be a source for entrepreneurial development. As a result, the desired outcomes of the business are quickly achieved and more of remunerative business opportunities are found. Henceforth, promoting entrepreneurship among women is certainly a short-cut to rapid economic growth and development. Let us try to eliminate all forms of gender discrimination and thus allow women to be an entrepreneur at par with men. Women Entrepreneurs in the Digital Age: Why Women Make Excellent Entrepreneurs in the Digital Age 2010 was the first time ever there were more women in the work force than men. In terms of women-owned businesses, between 1997 and 2011 there was a 50% increase, while male-owned business only grew by 25% ( American Express report). Women are dominating the entrepreneur landscape and are using their skills to succeed. HOW.WHY ? As times are tough for everyone, more families are moving towards dual-income households.(as briefed above with push and pull factors) Also, technology advancements are making a virtual workplace attainable for women, who are looking to balance family and their career. By creating a more mobile environment, flexibility is achievable . Womens Competitive Edge: In the digital landscape, there is a stronger growth in women entrepreneurs than men, they could use these skills, many naturally possess, to achieve success. The studies conducted by many scholars with reference to Women competitive edge, believes women tend to possess certain skills that create a competitive advantage like, Strong Communication Skills Social Intelligence Good Listeners Ambitious Enthusiastic Patience Determination to Excel Collaborative Prefer Lower Risk Do womens strong communication and social skills make them more equipped to thrive in our post-industrial digital age? In short, do women have specific skills whether the result of biology or social conditioning that can help them succeed as entrepreneurs? The review of literature reveals, helping entrepreneurs and small business owners launch their brands, It is strongly believed there are several traditionally feminine leadership qualities that are more significant now than ever. 5 reasons why women make great entrepreneurs in the digital era: Is todays business environment more aspiring for female entrepreneurs? Take a look at the points below and let us know whether you think theyre true or not. 1. Women possess strong communication skills and social intelligence. The digital economy requires these skills, and women enjoy a slight edge over their male counterparts (according to numerous studies). 2. Women make good listeners. Whether due to biology or cultural conditioning, women tend to be better listeners and are stronger at drawing people into conversation. This translates to several advantages for the entrepreneur, who can better attune herself to customer needs and build more effective teams of employees, contractors and partners. In fact, many women entrepreneurs often describe building their business as building a team. 3. Women collaborate. Women have worked well together since the earliest female enterprises, whether dividing grains in the village or working in quilting bees. Even some of todays cultural stereotypes have legs, for instance, womens joint trips to the restroom! A 2009 Time magazine article by Claire Shipman and Katty Kay says, [Women are] consensus builders, conciliators and collaborators, and they employ what is called a transformational leadership style heavily engaged, motivational, extremely well suited for the emerging, less hierarchical workplace. The article, entitled Women Will Rule Business, cited projections from the Chartered Management Institute in the UK. Looking ahead to 2018, CMI believes the work world will be more fluid and virtual, and the demand for female management skills will be stronger than ever. 4.Women prefer lower risk. Researchers have begun focusing on the relationship between testosterone and excessive risk, thus evaluating whether groups of men spur each other toward reckless decisions. Whether testosterone influences decision-making or not, research shows that, as a whole, women prefer lower risk opportunities and are willing to settle for lower returns. Virtual workplaces and digitally mobile lifestyles give aspiring women entrepreneurs the flexibility to achieve the balance between work and family. Digital tools mean that women can now build a business from home and create unique work schedules. Risk aversion may go hand-in-hand with motivations for starting a business. A 2007 study from the Small Business Administration (Are Male and Female Entrepreneurs Really That Different?) observes the differences between male and female entrepreneurs in the U.S. The results found that male owners are more likely to start a business to make money, and have higher expectations for their business. Women are more likely to prioritize that business and personal lives work in harmony. The digital age offers a wealth of low-risk opportunities. Ventures like blogging, web-based services, e-commerce and software development require smaller upstart costs than manufacturing-based, brick and mortar type businesses. Cloud-based tools and virtual workforces further lower the cost of entry, making the idea of starting a business more feasible and/or palatable for risk-averse entrepreneurs. But a strength can also be a weakness. Yes, the tendency to minimize risk can lead to higher success rates for female entrepreneurs. However, risk-phobia can also mean women are more likely to limit the size of their businesses, and less likely pursue outside funding from investors to fuel growth. On an average, men-owned firms are larger than women-owned firms. Its up to each individual business owner to define the goals of his or her business. If a woman chooses to pursue a smaller business venture that lets her balance her business and personal life in more harmony, more power to her. For now, I think we should celebrate the growth in women entrepreneurs, but also wonder if woman-owned high growth startups are an under-utilized resource in our economy. Its time we made space for the underdog if that term even applies anymore. What do you want to say? Click here to cancel reply. Next generation of female entrepreneurs at heart of business The next generation of entrepreneurs bucking the economic trend by putting values back at the heart of business. And women are giving men a run for their money. The successful female social entrepreneurs as role models for women in business and aspiring female entrepreneurs. Unlike the private sector, women who set up and run a business with a social or community purpose are as widespread as their male counterparts. At the risk of generalizing, women have a real advantage in leadership that might be a great advantage in the business world. They can act and lead while staying tuned into their colleagues. Being confident enough to use that is crucial. Women leaders shouldnt try to be one of the guys. They can use their natural gifts to their advantage. Sam Baumber, Business Development Manager at the Social Enterprise Academy says that female social entrepreneurs are the role models for business leaders in the current economic climate. Women who are leading successful social enterprises are role models for women thinking about setting up their own business. In the current climate social enterprise is thriving and these inspiring women prove that values of team work and emotional intelligence that women often bring as leaders can help build successful and resilient businesses. Many of our graduates who started with an idea and burning passion and have developed into leading female social entrepreneurs in India and we hope their success stories will help others with an idea to make it happen. « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches Women in Business Challenge 2013: Empowering Women Entrepreneurs to Drive Growth-some success stories: 1st Successful Women Entrepreneur: Priyanka Malhotra. Priyanka Malhotra is successful women entrepreneur in India. She is operating the business of book publishing and also devotes her time in cafe business. She did graduated in printing and publishing from London college of publishing. She also holda the degree of M.Sc in media and communication field. After this, she came to India and became successful business women in Delhi. Priyanka thinks differently about the idea of scaling her businesses. 2nd Successful Women Entrepreneur- Bhawana Kakkar: Bhawana Kakkar is young graduate women in painting and arts. She did also postgraduate in Art history from Baroda University. She has huge experience in fashion designing in India and she opened Art gallery. She is also publishing magazine named Take-Simple Black. 3rd Successful Women Entrepreneur Manju Bharatram: Mr. Manju Bharatram was a simple child for whom school wasn`t happy experience. Just like many other. And the day she saw her own children feeling the same as well, she became a social entrepreneur. 4th Successful Women Entrepreneur Rajashree Birla: Rajashree Birla is a successful women entrepreneur and chairperson of Aditya Birla Centre for Community and rural development. Her focus is on the all-round development of the communities around our plants located mostly in distanct rural and tribal belts. All our group companies, Grasim, Hindalco, Aditya Birla NMuvo, Indo Gulf and Ultra Tech have Rural Development Cells which are the implementation bodies. 5th Successful Women Entreprenuer-Shruti: Shruti is a degree holder in Chemistry from University of Pennsylvania and she did worked with Merrill Lynch. She came back India after in USA and started her own hotel business and became a successful women entrepreneur in India.  « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches  « Fewer matches Conclusion Entrepreneurship is presently the most discussed and encouraged concept all over the world to overcome economic challenges. Women being the vital gender of the overall population have great capacity and potential to be the contributor in the overall economic development of any nation. Therefore, programs and policies need to be customized to not just encourage entrepreneurship as well as implement strategies which can help support entrepreneurial culture among youth. Media has the potential to play the most vital role in entrepreneurial development by creating and highlighting all such platforms which can bring out the creativity and innovation among the women and men to grow entrepreneurship culture in society. Developing countries are definitely in dire need to encourage women entrepreneurship as women workforce is promptly available to exploit the unexplored dimensions of business ventures. Developed nations should primarily focus on entrepreneurial educational programs in order t o develop women entrepreneurs.

Welfare and Social Responsibility :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Welfare and Social Responsibility    Welfare. Read that word to yourself and ask what popular images surround it. The first thing is probably women and children. This one is correct, because 97% of AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children, the federal "welfare" program) is made up of women and children. Young women? Not really-the average age of a mother receiving welfare is 29, and only 7.6% are under the age of 20. Is she black? Maybe, because the composition of the welfare roles is about the same percentage black and white. More kids than she can count? The average welfare family has 2.9 members. That means a single mom would have 1.9 children (fewer than the national average). Forever "dependent?"-the average length of a stay on welfare is 22 months. We certainly think that they don't work. Without bringing up the question of why raising children is not considered work, the average AFDC benefit plus food stamps still is only 69% of the poverty line. Women on welfare are constantly working to make up that differ ence. Do we think of welfare as expensive? AFDC represents just over 1% of the national budget. If welfare is not about young women having lots of babies and living their life off the generosity of the state, and if it's a minuscule part of the federal budget, why have Republicans chosen it as their pilot issue? Why, when our Federal Reserve is raising interest rates and attempting to maintain an unemployment rate of 6.2%, and when a job at minimum wage would still leave a mother with two children 23% below the poverty line, is entrance into the paid workforce being pushed as the panacea for poverty? If we are serious about getting people to work we need relevant training programs, child care provisions, and efforts at job creation. These at least were discussed in the Clinton plan, if the plan was in many other ways as punitive and insubstantial as the Republican plan. The Republican ideology is particularly insidious because it shifts the entire frame of debate from the structural to the moral. It implies, even states, that if those people would just clean up their morals and stop being so lazy that they could have a place in the American Dream. Today welfare moms are understood to be the symbol for all that is morally wrong with America.

Made to Order Babies

Imagine sitting down at a table and being handed a menu, but this is no ordinary menu to order food off of. No, this menu is at a medical clinic and it’s the menu to your new customized â€Å"designer baby†. Technology has advanced so much in the past couple years that this situation could happen very soon. If not in your lifetime, then in that of your children’s. What is a â€Å"designer baby†? It’s exactly as the words imply; a baby genetically modified to what the parents call â€Å"the perfect baby†. Today, the sex of the baby, the hair color, and the eye color can all be modified to the choice of the parent. And soon other things will be possible, such as modifying genetic defects in a baby. All of this would probably sound very appealing to someone that is just being introduced to the topic, but what about the side effects? Are there any? Is there any possibility that the baby will come out harmed or with some other defect that was caused by a â€Å"modification†? There are no answers for these questions, because even scientists and doctors do not know. So, should society take the risk of harming innocent babies to try and create â€Å"the perfect baby†? No, we should not. The â€Å"designer baby† is immoral and should be illegal. Nobody knows the side effects of modifying a baby, not even the scientists who conduct the research. Not only physical side effects, but also emotional and societal side effects. We do not know how society would perceive a genetically modified human. Procedures that are done to modify a baby include terminating some embryos. There are a lot of people who would see this action as immoral. If there are riots outside of clinics because they think of abortion as being immoral, those same people would most likely riot in protest to â€Å"designer babies†. There is also the question as to what will happen once everyone is â€Å"perfect† and â€Å"perfectly modified†. What will these â€Å"perfect† people think of those who already have genetic defects? They may think of them as inferior, and look down on them. That could lead to a new type of â€Å"genetic† discrimination (Baird 12-16). If laws were made against being able to design babies, then we would not have to worry about these problems. In 2009 an article titled Designing Rules for Designer Babies was published in the Scientific American magazine. The article says: In the U. S. , no binding rules deter a private clinic from offering a menu of traits or from implanting a woman with a collection of embryos. Physicians who may receive more than $10,000 for a procedure serve as the sole arbiters of a series of thorny ethical, safety and social welfare questions (29). With no binding laws or rules to this, some doctors will do the procedures just to get the money. It would definitely bring up questions about the doctors morals and if he/she really cares about their patients. Take, for example, Nadya Suleman, whom was implanted with genetically altered embryos. The doctor implanted her with a collection of six embryos. Two of those embryos split, making her pregnant with eight children. It does make everyone question her, but also the doctor. Did he take into account that she already had six children? Did he consider her financial status? (Designing Rules 29) Another question to ask is; how far do we go in â€Å"designing† our babies? The same article from Scientific American gives a perfect example of a situation that could happen: We could get carried away â€Å"correcting† perfectly healthy babies. Once we start down the slippery slope of eliminating embryos because they are diseased, what is to stop us from picking babies for their physical or psychological traits? What if this does happen? We could create a whole new generation based on what traits are the best for someone, or how knowledgeable everyone should be. In doing this, are we not doing the same thing Hitler tried to do; create the perfect humans? It didn’t get him very far, and won’t get society anywhere today. Some might say that designing a baby would be a great thing. That we could cure diseases and disorders before the baby is even born. But when a baby is â€Å"designed to get â€Å"rid† of disease and disorders, there are embryos that are killed in order to find â€Å"the perfect baby†. It could be considered the same thing as abortion. Our technological advances in the past couple years have greatly enhanced ociety. There are also technologies that will harm society. The â€Å"designer baby† is one of those technologies. It sounds very appealing to be able to create the child that you have always wanted, but we have always said that we were created the way we are for a reason, and we should keep saying that. No one knows the side effects of creating our babies, they could come out monsters f or all we know. If laws were put into effect against the â€Å"designer baby†, then we would be safe from these â€Å"monsters†.

The Chemistry of Photography essays

The Chemistry of Photography essays Joseph-Nicephore Niepce took he words first photographs in 1824. Many people dont know that he was the person who invented photography; they think that a Frenchman named Daguerre was the inventor but he got the idea from Niepce. Jacqueline Belloni, a chemist at the University of Paris-South at Orsay, is doing research on holes in halide ions. The problem with holes is that they gobble up light-generated electrons. Belloni reasoned that the solution was to dope the film. The dopant would be a negatively charged ion, like halide, so it could substitute for halide in the crystal lattice. Instead of needing ten photons a crystal doped with formate does the job with two. A benefit to consumers will be that it will make high-speed film less grainy and better quality. Rene De Keyzer, a chemist at Agfa-Geveart helps fund Bellonis research, predicts Agfe will have doped films on the market within four years. Film emulsions today are a million times better at capturing photons but th ey still have a long way to go. ~$10 single use camera has 10 times better resolution than todays $1000 digital camera. ~There are 10 billion crystals in a frame of ordinary film. ~The first camera invented was a cubical wooden box about a foot on a side and the film was a tin or stone plate coated in asphalt. I think this article was interesting I never realized how complicated it is to develop a photograph. I think it would be incredible to be able to see one of the first photos Niepce ever made. ...

What do we learn in the first 10 letters of the Color Purple essays

What do we learn in the first 10 letters of the Color Purple essays What Do We Learn in the First Ten Letters of The Color Purple? Although slavery was abolished in 1863, following the American Civil War, peoples attitudes towards black people in the Southern States, remained very much the same. Beatings and lynching were common (in The Color Purple Celies father was lynched because his business was too much of a threat to his white rivals) and black men, in a desperate attempt to gain some sense of power would often abuse their women, both mentally and physically and this led to a complete loss of self respect and confidence in nearly all black women. Celie is a perfect example of a typical black woman during this era. She feels isolated and the fact that this is an episodic novel shows this effectively to the reader. As a result of nearly all women being illiterate, and ignored by the world, they did not have a way of voicing their opinions and feelings and in The Color Purple Alice Walker gives a voice to these women. However, this novel also shows women beginning to question their role in society and leavin g their lives of hardship and violence to make a living for themselves, gaining the respect of many members of the community. The dramatic opening immediately creates a feeling of loathing in the mind of the reader toward the violent, sex-driven Alphonso but it also gives us an insight into what life was like for black women during the early 1900s. In letter one, Celies lack of knowledge and understanding of sex, her bad use of grammar and mistakes in spelling make it quite clear that she is uneducated. For instance she doesnt recognise her feelings of nausea whilst cooking to be signs of pregnancy. And now I fells sick every time I be the one to cook. Another thing we can see is that black men had no respect for their women and used them merely for sex and housework. He was pulling on her arm. She say it too soon, Fonso, I aint well. ...

Platos Ring Of Gyges Essays - Platonism, Ancient Greek Philosophers

Plato's Ring Of Gyges Essays - Platonism, Ancient Greek Philosophers Plato's Ring Of Gyges The Ring of Gyges The story of the Ring of Gyges is an excerpt from book two of Plato's The Republic, in which Glaucon disagrees with Socrates and insists that people act moral because they lack the power to behave otherwise. In an effort to support his claim, Glaucon recites the tale of Gyges. In this paper, I will include a brief history of Plato, a description of the Ring of Gyges, and discuss how the story may affect our present lives. Plato was born in 429 B.C. in Athens, Greece, to Ariston and Perictione. Plato's real name was Aristocles, and 'Plato' (meaning 'the broad') was a nickname given either from the width of his shoulders, or from the size of his forehead. When Plato was a young man he became a disciple of Socrates, learning the value of reason and philosophy. Plato was in military service from 409 B.C. to 404 B.C., but at this time he wanted to pursue politics rather than a military career. At the end of the war he joined the Oligarchy of the Thirty Tyrants, but their violent acts resulted in Plato leaving quickly. In 403 B.C. a restoration of democracy in Athens began, and Plato had great hopes of reentering politics. However, the execution of Socrates in 399 B.C. had an immense effect on Plato and he decided on having nothing further to do with politics in Athens. Plato left Athens after Socrates had been executed and traveled in Egypt, Sicily, and Italy. Upon his return to Athens, in about 387 B.C., Plato founded the Academy, an institution devoted to research and instruction in philosophy and science. Plato was disappointed with the ethics of those in public office (JOC 1). The Academy's primary goal was to educate citizens for statesmanship (Sahakian 35). Plato presided over his Academy in Athens until his death in 347 B.C. (JOC 1). The Ring of Gyges is a story written by Plato in an attempt to force the reader to evaluate his or her own sense of morality. In this story, Gyges worked as a shepherd for the king of Lydia. An earthquake opened up the ground where Gyges' flock was feeding. Inside this opening lay a bronze horse with doors. Inside these doors was a dead body with a golden ring. Gyges pulled the ring from the dead and climbed from the hole. He later joined his fellow shepherds to make a regular report to the king about his sheep. As he sat and toyed with his ring, Gyges noticed that when he turned the setting around on his finger he became invisible to all. He then became a messenger from the shepherds to the court; Gyges took his pleasure and seduced the queen. He later conspired with queen and killed the king, taking control of Lydia. After the story is told, Glaucon asks Socrates to imagine that two magic rings exist. A just individual has one ring, and an unjust person holds the other. Glaucon argues that no man could resist the temptation of taking what is not his, therefore the actions of the just would be as the actions of the unjust. This may affirm to be proof that a man is good, not willingly, but of necessity. If self-indulgence can be practiced without fear of punishment, then the tendency for being unjust will prevail (Jowett 257). What would one do if one possessed a magic ring? One could argue that there is a resemblance between Gyges and President Clinton. The President is a very skillful politician, a master of evasive talk. Plato states, A man who uses his power in the endless pursuit of the delights of the flesh possess the soul of a tyrant. Plato also understood that democracy is susceptible to a certain form of tyranny: the rule of a generous government, catering to the public's needs and wants in exchange for their freedom. Could one associate Plato's idea of a tyrant with the actions of President Clinton? The President has squeezed out of every tight spot in which he has landed. Clinton's cleverness may lead him to think he possesses a Gyges' ring of invincibility. He can allow his passions and sensual desires

Constitutional advance in kuwait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Constitutional advance in kuwait - Essay Example The history of Kuwait shows that Kuwaiti people have always been subject to the influence of Shaikh-based leadership. On the same note, critical constitutional movements are evident in the country’s past and present history. Organized groups lobbying for constitutional leadership have put the Amir on the spot for the longest time. With the new constitution, however, the country’s history of diverse and dynamic movements will come to a beneficial end. Most importantly, the new constitution will strike a balance between Shaikhly leadership, merchant interests, and the general welfare of the Kuwaiti people. The road to the new constitution was not easy. There were enormous challenges and barriers that often emerged to block constitutional developments in the country. The most critical challenge relates to the influence of Sabah family. This family supported a system in which the Executive is more powerful than Legislature. Executive power and authority that outweighed the Legislature, however, was not welcome. The Constituent Assembly foiled Sabah family’s attempts to strengthen the Executive at the expense of the Legislature. Most importantly, there were three primary contentious issues as far as approving the new constitution was concerned. The Constituent Assembly debated three constitutional articles that had put the entire endeavor at stake. Article 2 elicited mixed reactions following a proposal to amend its provisions. The proposal was to amend the article and declare Sharia Law the primary legislation source. Such an amendment would have made Islamic Sacred Law the main source of legislation. However, this call for amendment was not adopted. Article 131 was brought to the attention of the house. The article prohibits ministers serving in Kuwait from engaging in income-generating business, professional, or financial activities. This merchant-driven interest,

Collective Bargaining Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Collective Bargaining - Assignment Example Not only do the Unions concentrate on the working conditions of an employee but also create a sense of connectedness and solidarity to an employee while at the same time help to solve crucial organizational problems by educating their members and help reduce the problem of rational ignorance and hence stand on behalf of each of their members. Analysis In the United States, Labor unions have been in existence from the early the days of the republic, although; by then they were just local craft unions. Craft unions are unions with few members who mainly work in the same skilled occupation of a specified area. They are these types of Unions that existed in the United States until the end of the Civil War (1861-1865) when stronger and more powerful Unions came into existence. Amongst the big Unions that emerged in the United States are; Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industry Organization (Toke & Za?ris, 2008). The Knights of labor was officially founded i n 1867 by Uriah Stephens and unlike the craft Unions that existed then, it was one big union that included all workers irrespective of the kind of work one did. It did not mind whether one was skilled or unskilled, neither the race nor national origin mattered. It had a place for members of all kind and these made it attain membership of about 700000 by the year 1886. Some of its strikes and collective bargaining led to wage increment to its members (DTI, 2001). Success to this collective bargaining tactics meant that even its member’s relation to that of its employers was good and in return the workers did put more effort in production. Although it brought success and nourished in collective bargaining of its members and created significance progress in labor relations, it created a bad reputation for itself when seven policemen and one civilian died in one of its riots in Haymarket, Chicago where it was held responsible and blamed for the deaths and hence lost its reputatio n. American Federation of labor was founded by Samuel Gompers in the year 1886, he was a cigar maker. This was not really a union as such but an association of the existing craft unions where the craft unions still maintained their identity within the association. To be a member of a craft union, one had to be skilled in a particular trade of that particular craft union to join the federation through the craft union. It mainly concentrated on economic issues such as better working conditions, higher wages and shorter working hours. Although it had no place for the unskilled worker, its success progressed to a level where it had about four million members in its name by the year 1920. Since it brought people of the same skills together, this was an advantage to the employer too. Better skills could be nourished and attained to the advantage of the employer (Toke & Za?ris, 2008). Since the American federation of labor excluded unskilled workers, there emerged Committee for Industrial Organization which later changed to Congress of Industry Organization. It was founded between 1935 and 1938 by John. L. Lewis who deserted from American Federation of Labor. Its agenda was to find vertical unions within industries and include all its workers regardless of the job they performed within the union. These led to stiff competition for members amongst the unions and eventually CIO and AFL merged in 1955 to form AFL-CIO since they were all now recruiting all types of workers, skilled

E-business Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E-business Project - Essay Example Viability - To date, no site offers online musical instrument lessons. This means that this will be a "one-of-a-kind" musical site. It will address many problems besetting people who want to take lessons on playing musical instruments but either they don't have the time to physically go to places where these lessons are held or they don't have in their possession the necessary instruments. Likewise, this online experience can answer the needs of physically handicapped people who are musically-inclined and who would like to learn to play an instrument but could not due to commuting problems posed by the individual's physical disability. E-Business Model - The business model for Music Teachers Online is produced to offer a premium site with products and services with minimum overhead. This model offers a simplified site that eliminates avoidable costs and focuses on the basics of an e-business. Designing the website could cost quite a bit, depending on the experience of the business owner. If the owner were able to design the site it would decrease costs significantly, because the design will be the main cost incurred. In this case, the business owner will need the assistance of a professional web designer. A professional designer can implement the necessary formats for adding a shopping cart, setting up bulletin boards and other complicated design issues. Depending on the experience of the designer, this could cost upwards of a $1,000. The site owner needs to have or maintain a credit card (of good standing) or any of the legitimate online pay schemes available where customers can channel their purchase payments. However, once the site is up and running, there are few maintenance fees. Revenue Model - Revenue from this site will come from various sources: online lessons as well sales of musical instruments and sheet music, plus ticket sales. Other Details - This is an efficient musical e-commerce site with exponential business expansion possibilities. It is a site that will be informative and easy to use for both the customers and musical groups. It is also an aesthetically pleasing site that considers the fact that many of its prospective customers/viewers are on dial-up and quick load

Economic development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Economic development - Coursework Example This reading focuses on the economic development in Africa through agricultural activities. This considers the use of proven agricultural techniques in order to increase the yields for food security purposes. The common challenges faced by African farmers entail soil exhaustion, water insufficiency and distorted economics caused undeveloped infrastructures. This implies that the poor soil fertility hinders the growth of some crops. This is because the local farmers engage in over farming and insufficient crop rotation. The existence of poor infrastructures contributes to high production costs because the farmer cannot access fertilizers and other inputs. Similarly, constant water scarcity due to periodic drought spells also affect Africa’s agricultural sector. This reading discusses the population explosion in developing nations, regardless of the favorable conditions. The author explores the population growth rate of Kenya in which it emerges that adults are free to give birth to any number of children. The people do not care about the availability of health care facilities, food or other aspects. The population explosion concept threatens humanity due to scramble for space, resources and economic activities. The Maragoli documentary depicts the struggles of women across the world since they cannot control birth rates. The underlining aspect of the documentary is that, in reality, population increases, but the amenities remain the same. The focus of this reading is the developmental challenge of political and criminal violence. It tackles the negative influences of the two aspects, such as destruction of property, death, displacement of people and economic stagnation among others. For instance, children brought up in hostile environments suffer from malnourishments and illiteracy. The millennium development goal (MDG) project has been unable to achieve its objectives of uplifting the living standards in

Our bodies our politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Our bodies our politics - Essay Example Hale in the article Suggested Rules for Non-Transsexuals Writing about Transsexuals, Transsexuality, Transsexualism suggests that non-transsexuals are writing about transsexuals, they should humbly approach their topic since they are not well informed about Transsexuality or transsexualism (2). They should not represent intersex people as all the same while writing. Various social factors such as class and medical conditions affect lives of intersex, and they can never be the same (Hale 3). Additionally, they should not ignore what transsexuals write and say or deny them their academic credentials by demanding that they should possess such credentials when not seriously taken (Hale 5). Further, in the article Suggested Guidelines for Non-Intersex Individuals Writing about Intersexuality and Intersex People, Koyama proposes that while writing one should not uncritically quote non-transsexual who are not experts about intersex people (3). They also believe one should start writing with a working hypothesis to guide his/her writing. They plead not to be judged based on the political agenda of the writer without consulting if it conflicts theirs and might not be superior to theirs. In addition, they say a writer should solely focus on what transsexualism tell him/her about his/her life and not about Trans. The writer should ask himself/herself if he/she can make it in the Transworld. Trans argue that writers cannot write about the figure, trope and discourse of Trans without writing about the subjectivities, lives and experience of Trans (Koyama 6). They conclude by warning writers that if Trans engage in angry, detailed criticism writers should not take that as rejec tion, unnecessary ranting or effects of testosterone, but merely consider it as a gift and a compliment. According to the article Some Very Basic Tips for Making Higher Education More Accessible to Trans Students and Rethink

HR Strategy for DeVry, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HR Strategy for DeVry, Inc - Essay Example Wal Mart is a typical US success story. Founded in 1962 as the vision of a single man, Sam Walton, the super stores today symbolize American entrepreneurship. Wal Mart has consistently been regarded as one of the best Fortune 500 companies in the United States over the years. This has been feasible because of the unflinching commitment of the management to the customer and its focus on people including its employees denoted as associates. Wal Mart is a global company with more than 1.3 million associates, 5000 stores and wholesale clubs in over 15 countries. It is the most admired retailer and generated over $ 256 billion in global revenue with an increase in $ 26 billion in sales in 2004. The company has consistently delivered high levels of growth and benefits to customers as well as share holders. On the basis of its overall vision and culture, Wal Mart has based its personnel selection, development and growth strategies on the principles of transparency, equality of opportunity, diversity and effective use of automation. Growth is attained by providing personnel opportunities for aptitude and career alignment, training and continuous objective feed back. This achieves loyalty, affiliation and continuity for the company. The policy of diversity enables effective alignment of the associate with the customer base which is derived from all communities. The detailed nuances of the personnel development policies of Wal Mart in relation to the above facets are being covered herein:- (a) Non Discrimination in Selection. The company follows non discriminatory policy of hiring and selection of its Associates which is the first tier of employees. Wal Mart's HR Strategy comprises of development of effective processes for all its systems such as hiring, selection and so on.

Economic development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Economic development - Coursework Example This reading focuses on the economic development in Africa through agricultural activities. This considers the use of proven agricultural techniques in order to increase the yields for food security purposes. The common challenges faced by African farmers entail soil exhaustion, water insufficiency and distorted economics caused undeveloped infrastructures. This implies that the poor soil fertility hinders the growth of some crops. This is because the local farmers engage in over farming and insufficient crop rotation. The existence of poor infrastructures contributes to high production costs because the farmer cannot access fertilizers and other inputs. Similarly, constant water scarcity due to periodic drought spells also affect Africa’s agricultural sector. This reading discusses the population explosion in developing nations, regardless of the favorable conditions. The author explores the population growth rate of Kenya in which it emerges that adults are free to give birth to any number of children. The people do not care about the availability of health care facilities, food or other aspects. The population explosion concept threatens humanity due to scramble for space, resources and economic activities. The Maragoli documentary depicts the struggles of women across the world since they cannot control birth rates. The underlining aspect of the documentary is that, in reality, population increases, but the amenities remain the same. The focus of this reading is the developmental challenge of political and criminal violence. It tackles the negative influences of the two aspects, such as destruction of property, death, displacement of people and economic stagnation among others. For instance, children brought up in hostile environments suffer from malnourishments and illiteracy. The millennium development goal (MDG) project has been unable to achieve its objectives of uplifting the living standards in

HR Strategy for DeVry, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HR Strategy for DeVry, Inc - Essay Example Wal Mart is a typical US success story. Founded in 1962 as the vision of a single man, Sam Walton, the super stores today symbolize American entrepreneurship. Wal Mart has consistently been regarded as one of the best Fortune 500 companies in the United States over the years. This has been feasible because of the unflinching commitment of the management to the customer and its focus on people including its employees denoted as associates. Wal Mart is a global company with more than 1.3 million associates, 5000 stores and wholesale clubs in over 15 countries. It is the most admired retailer and generated over $ 256 billion in global revenue with an increase in $ 26 billion in sales in 2004. The company has consistently delivered high levels of growth and benefits to customers as well as share holders. On the basis of its overall vision and culture, Wal Mart has based its personnel selection, development and growth strategies on the principles of transparency, equality of opportunity, diversity and effective use of automation. Growth is attained by providing personnel opportunities for aptitude and career alignment, training and continuous objective feed back. This achieves loyalty, affiliation and continuity for the company. The policy of diversity enables effective alignment of the associate with the customer base which is derived from all communities. The detailed nuances of the personnel development policies of Wal Mart in relation to the above facets are being covered herein:- (a) Non Discrimination in Selection. The company follows non discriminatory policy of hiring and selection of its Associates which is the first tier of employees. Wal Mart's HR Strategy comprises of development of effective processes for all its systems such as hiring, selection and so on.

The Western Civilization Essay Example for Free

The Western Civilization Essay Ideas are not only products of the people who formulate them. They are also consequences of history, class, and culture. At the same time, ideas formulated by a certain group of people can in good time go on to shape and influence history, class and culture. The ideas of Enlightenment implied an attitude, a method of thought. They encouraged an orientation of mind that seeks to reexamine and question all received ideas and values, to explore new ideas in many different directions, discovering the truth through the observation of nature. These ideas of the Age of Enlightenment went on to mould the fundamental cultural orientation of the Western world. The Enlightenment left a lasting heritage for the 19th and 20th centuries. It marked a key stage in the decline of the church and the growth of modern secularism. It served as the model for political and economic liberalism and for humanitarian reform throughout the 19th-century Western world. It was the watershed for the pervasive belief in the possibility and the necessity of progress that survived, if only in attenuated form, into the 20th century. The cause of science and scientific thinking had been prospering since the time Copernican Revolution, however, a scientific attitude did not sink in to the masses. It was only in the eighteenth century that the views of thinkers and philosophers began to percolate into the mindsets of common people. Already, by the later decades of the eighteenth century the movement started Enlightenment was ringing triumphant in Europe and America. It would gather momentum in the times that are to follow, becoming a sweeping tide of opinion, assuming a broad front, and determining the course of the Western civilization in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It was this passion of a group of thinkers for reason and science that laid the groundwork for modern social and cultural ethos of the Western Civilization.

Detrimental Factors Involved In Beauty Pageants English Language Essay

Detrimental Factors Involved In Beauty Pageants English Language Essay Beautiful girls with gorgeous gowns and perfect smiles are the first things that come to mind when thinking about beauty pageants. While all the glam and sparkling crowns may seem quite appealing at first glance, the dangerous reality of pageants creates a flaw in the once perfect image. By taking a closer look, one can find sexual predators watching young girls parade across the stage, or the pressure to be perfect by a childs own parents. Beauty pageants are not what they used to be. When asked about beauty pageants, older generations think of natural beauty and a just for fun atmosphere. Now, beauty pageants have been taken to the next level, called Glitz beauty pageants, creating a bad image for beauty pageants and what they represent. Children are increasingly becoming involved in this world of hair extensions, fake teeth, and spray on tans, while their parents sit back and watch an average childhood of games and toys go down the drain. The murder of Jon-Benet Ramsey, a pageant girl with everything going for her, unveiled a horrifying truth of pageants and the children who take part in them. While some believe pageants cannot possibly result in murder, they are wrong. When parents put their children up on stage with an immense amount of makeup and revealing costumes, they are setting them up for sexual predation. The exploitation of children in beauty pageants should be brought to attention by parents before another child like Jon-Benet Ramsey loses her life. Pageants are obviously not what they used to be. The 1950s pageants that the generations before us participated in concentrated on natural beauty, unlike pageants now. While natural beauty was healthy and helpful to the self-esteem, artificial beauty, the main factor in pageants today, is not healthy and is detrimental to the self-esteem of participants. Child beauty pageants are sending out the wrong message, with the exploitation of children, negative effects on the self-esteem, and outrageous expenses in order to participate. Parents believe pageants are a smart way to gain scholarships and other money prizes for their children. For example, the Universal Royalty pageant, one of the largest beauty pageants in the business, provides a one thousand dollar scholarship to the winner (Nussbaum, 2000). While this may seem like a great prize to win, parents do not take in to consideration the fees required to be successful in this beauty pageant. The registration fee for the Universal Royalty pageant is five hundred and forty-five dollars, with formal gowns costing up to twelve thousand dollars and other fees required to be successful in the pageant (Nussbaum, 2000). Though the prize is one thousand dollars, necessities for the pageant add up to much more than the cash money prize. Most pageants provide a five hundred dollar scholarship to the winner, but costs for the pageant add up to much more than the cash money prize as well (Dittrich, 2001). Nevertheless, parents are still proud of the multiple tiaras and crowns their child has won throughout her years of pageant experience. Figure 1, shown below, is an example of a showcase of tiaras. Figure1: Showcase of Tiaras: Note: Emily Crown Hall of Fame. Photograph. Florida. TVGasm. Web. 1 Apr. 2010. . Without knowing everything involved in the preparation of a beauty pageant, an onlooker would be shocked. To be successful in a professional Glitz beauty pageant, the money is a necessity. The registration fee for a pageant starts at $85 (Dittrich, 2001). With the entry to the pageant comes a glamour shot of the contestant. This usually runs about $700 for a single roll of film (Dittrich, 2001). Trainers cost $40 dollars an hour, and a Glitz dress is usually $1,000 and up (Dittrich, 2001). A flipper, or a device used for replacing missing teeth, cost about $500, and are used constantly in beauty pageants at the professional level (Dental, 1999). Overall, a family spends $30,000 to $40,000 a year to supply their child with the necessary accessories to win a Glitz professional pageant. While money seems to be a dominating issue in beauty pageants, this is not the only negative aspect of being involved in the pageant world. The artificial beauty push seems to be a well-discussed controversy involved in the beauty pageant world today because a child cant possibly be successful in a professional Glitz beauty pageant without the right training and knowledge. Winners of professional beauty pageants have the correct amount of makeup, a pageant coach, a designer dress, fake teeth, commonly known as a flipper, spray on tans, and the right hair pieces to create a fuller look. A newcomer into this kind of pageant would be overwhelmed at how much effort has to be put into one beauty pageant. Nicki Burton, a well-known pageant coach says, You cant be normal and win beauty pageants (Dittrich, 2001). Since so much emphasis is placed on the artificial appearance of a child, natural beauty doesnt seem as important. Many people think beauty pageants are healthy for a childs self image. However, the belief that appearance defines the value of a person is so destructive that many organizations concerned with finding heal thier ways of raising girls have developed criteria to give girls a sounder basis for measuring their worth than pasted-on prettiness (Mann, 1997). Studies show that 77% of girls view themselves as ugly, because of media portraying the perfect girl as skinny and beautiful (Offbeat, 2007). Since beauty pageants have winners only with the perfect image, beauty pageants are contributing to the percentage of girls who do not have a good self-image of themselves. Artificial beauty is not healthy, which creates a negative side of beauty pageants that many do not realize. Some parents believe that beauty pageants have a positive effect on children. This is not uncommon, which is why so many children are entered into beauty pageants on a daily basis. Whether these parents arent informed of the harmful effects of beauty pageants, or if parents choose to ignore these harmful effects, beauty pageants are still unsafe. Many parents say that pageants are a fun way for children to compete with other children their age, and have the potential to help pay for a college education with scholarships offered to the winner (Catwalk, 1997). But experts highly disagree. Though parents may think pageants create a healthy competitive side of a child and increase their social interactions with other contestants, pageants actually hinder the growth of social qualities in contestants (Eder, 1997). Children dont socialize with other contestants in pageants, due to the intense competition involved in beauty pageants. Marie Sprague, a former model and modeling instructor, be lieves that pageants develop poise, personality, and confidence (Harris, 1997). But what Sprague and many other people fail to consider is how all of these qualities are developed. Developing a personality from pageants may not be the healthiest way for children to grow, according to some psychologists. Psychologists do not like the idea of children focusing on their outer beauty so much (Catwalk, 1997). This creates an unhealthy environment for children to be around, therefore making beauty pageants unsafe for beauty pageant contestants. Experts seem to agree, including Dr. Miles Frank. In an interview with Dr. Miles Frank on January 26, 2010, a licensed physician for children, the negative aspects of pageants were highlighted. Dr. Frank believes that names such has Little Miss Perfect have a negative impact on children participating in these sort of pageants. He believes that If too much emphasis is placed on winning the pageant, the outcome will have more effect. And since most girls who are in pageants will lose, I think you are more likely to set your child up to have a poor self image (Dr. Miles Frank, personal communication). This makes sense. While many parents believe pageants are a good stepping-stone to a better self-esteem, they are wrong. If ten girls participated in a particular beauty pageant, one out of the ten girls may gain a positive self-esteem. What happens to the rest of the nine contestants? They are left to obsess over why they did not win the pageant, causing a poor self-image (Dr. Miles Frank, personal communication). In an interview with Stephanie Throckmorton, the negative effects of beauty pageants nearly doubled the positive effects of beauty pageants. After involving her daughter in a few local beauty pageants, she decided to try a Glitz pageant for fun. She refuses to be involved with professional pageants now, due to the dominance of artificial beauty and unrealistic fees. Stephanie said, going to a beauty pageant at that level made me feel uncomfortable, and forced me to realize my daughter could not compete with these girls at the level of income we are at (Stephanie Throckmorton, personal communication). This is seen not only in professional beauty pageants, but also at the local level. Going to any beauty pageant for entertainment purposes gives the individual the opportunity to see the negative effects beauty pageants have on their young contestants. After observing a local pageant, young contestants who did not win were seen telling their parents they werent good enough, or not pretty anymore (Beauty contestants, personal communication). The parents who believe beauty pageants build self-esteem in a positive way are the parents of the winner in the pageant, not the contestants who didnt receive recognition of their performance on stage. Girls are constantly being put down mentally by being involved in pageants. After talking to the girls who did not place, it was clear that they did not have fun with the pageant (Beauty contestants, personal communication). They wanted to know why they werent the winner. Telling a child they didnt win because someone was better than them is the message beauty pageants send to people without knowing it, causing the drastic shift f rom a positive self-image to a negative self-image in many young girls lives. Pageant girls are beautiful, plain and simple. But what goes on behind the stage to transform these girls into perfection? Children in beauty pageants literally turn into someone they normally arent, coming across as fake. According to Judy Mann, a writer for the Washington Post, children are constantly being pushed to perfection with unrealistic looks women could actually attain (Mann, 1997). Pageant children are always trying to reach a goal that is impossible to achieve. The idea of perfection eats away at a childs mind, causing them to do anything to reach this impractical goal. This explains why so many pageant girls are unnaturally thin and have a face painted with too much makeup. Over seven million women have suffered from an eating disorder (Eating Disorder, 2006). The projection of the perfect body image from beauty pageants is not helping this number go down. Nicki Burton, a well-known pageant coach for all ages, thinks a pageant girl has to look a certain way, act a certa in way, and eat a certain way (Dittrich, 2001). Usually, a pageant girl is not the person she appears to be. When she is on stage, she pretends to be someone she isnt, merely to impress a line of judges. Though it may seem like the child is the one striving so hard to be perfect, this is not the case. Parents push their children to the limit, and at any costs. Reporters for the St. Louis Post Dispatch say, parents who let their child compete in beauty pageants may be so focused on their own needs that they fail to see the negative effectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ on their child (Eder, 1997). Because parents cannot be satisfied with children who are not perfect, parents are making the pageant world have a harmful effect on the children who participate. The combination of parents, and the desire to be perfect all have a lot to contribute to the detrimental aspects of pageantry. Some parents put their children in beauty pageants because they want to promote their child in a positive way. Contestants like to participate in pageants to showcase their talents, such as singing, dancing, or their wow-wear portion of the competition (Trujillo, 2007). Parents like to see their children on stage, no matter what they are doing, because they think pageants are fun for the child (Dittrich, 2001). By promoting their child in beauty pageants, parents arent realizing that they are exploiting their child on stage. The exploitation of children happens all the time in beauty pageants. Children are being exposed in a sexual manner, causing sexual predators to notice. Many seem to notice that when a child takes her top layer off, exposing a smaller outfit underneath, she receives a louder applause (Dittrich, 2001). Not only is the child sexually exposed, but she is also trained to take her clothes off to win. Pageant coaches train their pageant girls to project sexuality, because that is what wins (Eder, 1997). Parents constantly overlook the dangers of tiny outfits and a face covered in makeup when trying to win at any costs. Jon-Benet Ramsey was found in the basement of her parents house, strangled and sexually assaulted. She was an active participant in professional beauty pageants, with a bright future ahead of her. Her parents, John and Patsy Ramsey, supplied her with all the necessities to win a pageant, including the makeup, spray on tan, hair extensions, and other items. Many wonder what this has to do with her murder. If she had not participated in pageants, and experienced the exploitation caused by her parents, many seem to think this murder would have never taken place, and Jon-Benet Ramsey would have lived a normal life (Reed, 2010). At first glance, Jon-Benet Ramsey looks as if shes twenty years old, shown below in Figure 2. Figure2: Glamour Shot of Jon-Benet Ramsey Note: Jonbenet1. 2009. Photograph. Brandy Lewis Forensics. Web. 1 Apr. 2010. . However, she was only six when she was choked to death (Verrengia, 1997). While the death of an innocent child is a tragedy, it should have been expected, due to the exploitation of Jon-Benet in the beauty pageant world. Many believe that parents push their children to participate in beauty pageants because it was something the parents, particularly the mother, have been interested in. Patsy Ramsey, Jon-Benet Ramseys mother, was a former beauty queen, and it is said that she put Jon-Benet in beauty pageants in order to relive her unfulfilled fantasies through her daughter (Reed, 2010). This explains why Patsy Ramsey has so often been accused of exploiting her child in the pageant world and eventually causing the death of her daughter. The smell of hairspray, the glitter of white smiles, and the desire to win fill the atmosphere of a regular pageant. But what people dont realize is that the feeling of defeat, the crushing of a childs self confidence, and the unbearable urge to be flawless also exist at a pageant. While a child prances across the stage with her white smile and sparkly gown, she is susceptible to sexual assault, hindered social interactions, and a belief that what she has to offer not relating to beauty means nothing. The death of Jon-Benet Ramsey was a tragedy. Jon-Benet was a girl just like every other pageant girl. But who knew her interest in beauty pageants would eventually lead to her death? Parents need to realize the dangers of beauty pageants, and what could happen to their precious child if being beautiful suddenly crosses the line.

Common Themes In Short Stories :: essays research papers

James Joyce, a most prestigious author of many titles, has incorporated into his works many different thoughts, life experiences, as well as themes. Those three things that he used in his works I believe are what made him the awesome author he is today. The main focus of this paper is to inform you of the themes that reoccur in many of his short stories. Some themes that I noticed were: family, frustration, dreams of escape, love infatuations, and finally, sin. Family is a strong theme in Joyce’s writings for in Araby, the young teen finds himself obeying his uncle and asking his permission to go to the festival showing his sense of respect and need for family. In Eveline the family theme can be seen when Eveline stays and takes over the role of head of the household as a teen when her mother dies, because she feels it is her duty and she owed it to her mother. The family theme that I identified can be interpreted many different ways from the context that it was written, but these two short stories were appropriate for this theme. Frustration another prevailing theme in some of Joyce’s work has also been outlined in Araby. Everyday the boy would suffer with an infatuation with a girl he could never have. He even had to deal with his frustration of his self-serving uncle, which he and his aunt were afraid of. The absolute epitome of frustration comes from his uncle when he arrived late at home delaying the one chance of going to Araby. When the boy arrives at Araby to find out that all of the shops are closed his true frustration was reveled on the inside. James Joyce, the man who implied all of his themes was a master of disguise because this theme was an extreme accomplishment to find. The dream of escape comes into play in his stories also. In Araby the boy after arriving at Araby he discovered that everything had already closed. That was his one and only implied chance of escape from his Uncle that was so cruel and uncaring, even unflinching towards what he wanted to do with his life. Joyce uses all of the previous frustration endured by the boy as a springboard for the epiphany he realized in the end. Before the boy had accepted all of the frustration that had come with his life and after the destruction of what was supposed to be his magical escape at the Araby all of the frustration turns into anger and darkness.

The St. Catharines Standard :: essays research papers

The St. Catharines Standard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I choose to do my essay on the St. Catharines Standard. The Standard is the St.Catharines and Thorold area newspaper. It provides us with the local news, advertising and it keeps us in touch with what is happening all over the world. It was first owned and runned by the Burgoyne family and was printed in St. Catharines but, was sold last year to Southam Inc. and has started to be printed in Hamilton. Southam Inc. also owns other papers such as The Hamilton Spectator,The Ottawa Citizen and The Kingston Wig. Here are some questions that I have made up about The Standard and I have found the answers for them. 1. How important is The Standard to our economy?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Standard is pretty important to our economy. It provides the peoples of St.Catharines and Hamillton with jobs. It also let's the local businesses advertise their business to the people and attracts businesses to St. Catharines. Which brings money to the city. And finally, I provides St. Catharines with the daily news about the city and all over the world. 2. What is the source and type of the paper and why is it used?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Standard gets their paper from wherever they can get it the cheapest. It is Recycled Newsprint. Recycled newsprint is paper that has been previously used paper that has been shredded, de-inked and then turned into pulp so it can make paper again. This type of paper is used because its economical, lightweight, recyclable and is available world wide. 3. What is the process of making the St. Catharines Standard?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The First step in making the newspaper is in the advertising department. The workers in the advertising dept. sell space in the paper to local businesses for ads. This pays for the paper to be made. Then the ads are produced and are redied for the paper a day before it has to be made. After the ad space is sold the paper is sent up to the editorial room so they can look at the space not occupied by ads and decide what stories the need to fill up the paper. Now to make the paper! The pages are assembled and the ads and stories are cut and pasted on to boards. After that a negative is shot of the board.